Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison Essay

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison: A Review Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are learning theories utilized in operant conditioning to change individual behaviors. Shaping involves teaching new behaviors in steps. An individual shapes their behaviors when they are rewarded for closely or perfectly mastering a step in the behaviors modification. Chaining is the links that are made from one step to another in the behavior modification. Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments given when an individual masters or refuses to master a step in the shaping of a behavior. Operant conditioning incorporates the use of shaping, chaining and reinforcing behaviors in order to create a desirable outcome in the behaviors of an individual. Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are utilized in schools, homes, and prisons across the world. In the prison environment they are used to change inmate’s behaviors, and help inmates get ready to reenter society as productive members. Prisons utilize the various steps of operant conditioning to aide in changing all sorts of behaviors including anger management. Shaping and Chaining Shaping and chaining behavior is a key part of the learning theory known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning Shaping takes place when an individual is rewarded for a acceptable response to a stimulus. In an anger management program an individual would be rewarded for the reaction to anger and the ability to manage anger. An individual would be rewarded for managing anger when presented with stimuli that triggers anger and punished when failing to manage anger when presented with stimuli that trigger anger. At first then inmate might be reward for not becoming physically aggressive when presented with the stimuli that triggers anger. Over time the inmate would not be rewarded unless management is displayed without verbal or physical aggression. The reward for the anger management displayed by inmates would decrease as the management techniques improve. Chaining would occur when the inmate is able to move from one step to another in their ability to manage their anger. Reinforcement Schedules Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments utilized in conjunction with shaping and chaining in operant conditioning of behaviors.  Rewards are utilized to encourage the right responses to stimuli while punishments are utilized to consequence or discourage any responses that are not close to the desired response to a stimulus. As an individual chains the responses and shapes anger management behaviors they are rewarded and learn to utilize anger management in place of old behaviors. The use of rewards is phased out when an individual utilizes the anger management responses instead of the originally responses to stimuli that create anger. Rewards and sanctions are key to shaping any behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009). Literature Review Research shows that the utilization of positive reinforcement in inmates produces positive results in shaping behaviors (Thomas, 2001). According to Fishbein, Sheppard, Hyde, Hubal, Newlin, Serin, Chrousos, & Alesci; â€Å"Executive cognitive functioning and emotional regulation may play a key role in treatment responsively† (2009 p.419). Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast report that behaviorally based protocol that involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement following demonstration of a desired behavior in drug treatment programs have proven to promote the shaping of inmate behaviors (2012). â€Å"Although historically sanctions have been used as the primary method to respond to or control offenders’ behavior, research indicates that positive reinforcement should be applied more frequently than negative reinforcement when trying to change behavior† (Carey & Carter, 2009 p.9) Most experts in psychology and criminal justice agree anger is problem atic when it is too frequent, too intense, too prolonged, or managed ineffectively (Smith, Smith & Beckner, 1994). Smith, Smith & Beckner discuss a research study in which anger management workshops were utilized in a women’s correctional facility (1994). In this study women were taught anger management skills over the duration of three sessions (1994). The inmates were taught anger management skills and reported feeling better about themselves and their ability to cope with stimuli that triggers anger (1994). Reinforcement schedules are shown to be more effective in women inmates (1994). Shaping of inmate behaviors in drug treatment programs with the use of reinforcement schedules have been researched and findings have been promising (Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast, 2012). The shaping of anger management behaviors in inmates is possible with positive  reinforcement schedules. Inmates do well when positive reinforcements for behaviors are given (Seirn & Hanby, 2009). As Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast explains, inmates are constantly being given punishments and acknowledged for the negative behaviors displayed (2009). When punishments are strip away replace with positive reinforcement there is a significant change in the behavi ors exhibited by inmates (Smith & Schweitzer, 2012). Individuals receiving positive attention of behaviors exhibit more positive behaviors to get the attention desired. The same can be said in the prison setting. Individuals need to be taught new ways to deal with anger, and the prison environment offers a unique environment to reshape the very behaviors and beliefs that contributed to an individual being placed in there. Inmates imprisoned for acts of violence due to the lack of anger management skills will only reenter the prison system for the same acts if not taught a different way to cope with stimuli that triggers anger. Implementing anger management skills to inmates with anger management issues would reduce the likelihood of reentry. Shaping and chaining the way in which inmates respond to anger can result in lifelong effective implementation of anger management skills by inmates. Shaping would occur by first helping inmate identify stimuli that triggers anger. Once inmates know what triggers anger, next the teaching of anger management skills can take place. When inmates utilize the anger management skills in place of the natural reaction for situations that trigger anger, rewards would be given. By implementing reinforcements for the utilization of anger management skills inmates learn the acceptable responses to stimuli of anger. The goal would be to effectively shape the anger management skills utilized by inmates without the need for reinforcement. For example, instead of becoming violent, an inmate would walk away. Conclusion The utilization if positive reinforcement schedules have been proven to be effective in prisons across the United States. Anger management programs have not always proven to be successful within prisons. Shaping and chaining of anger can be done within the prison system through the implementation of anger management workshops and reinforcements schedules. Several studies have shown the successes of positive reinforcement with inmates. Combining anger management shaping with reinforcement schedules could prove to  increase the likelihood of success in anger management programs offered to inmates. References Butdon, W., St. De Lore, J., Prendergast, M. (2012). Developing and implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement intervention in prison-based drug treatment: Project BRITE. Journal of Phychoactive Drugs, 7, 40-50 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429341/ Casey, M., & Carter, M. Center for Effective Public Policy. (2009) Shaping offender behavior. Retrieved from http://www.cepp.com/documents/Shaping%20Offender%20Behavior.pdf Fishbein, D., Sheppard, M., Hyde, C., Hubal, R., Newlin, D., Serin, R., Chrousos, G., & Alesci, S. (2009). Deficits in behavioral inhibition predict treatment engagement in prison inmates. Law and Human Behavior, 33(5), 419-35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7 Serin, R., Hanby, L. Correctional Service Canada. (2009). Offender incentive and behavioural management. Retrieved from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0214-01-eng.shtml strategies. Smith, P. & Schweitzer, M. (2012). The therapeutic prison. Journal of Con temporary Criminal Justice, 28(1), 7-22. doi: 10.1177/1043986211432201 Thomas, S. P. (2001). Teaching healthy anger management. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(2), 41-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200754284?accountid=458

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

English composition drama essay Essay

Watching a drama clearly is more effective than reading a drama, and in the same perspective comparing a drama that is watched to a short fiction that is read is undeniably on two different ends of the spectrum. The usefulness of a story that has more meaning within itself than intended on when watching itself play out compared to reading a short fiction clearly holds watching the drama more advantageous. But other than just that the effectiveness between watching and reading a drama gets called into question. Watching a drama has an advantage when compared to reading a short fiction because of the way the drama is acted out giving the audience more depth and meaning to the story. There is a clear advantage to watching a drama compared to reading a short fiction. To be able to understand the advantages, one must understand the notable differences between the two. Firstly, short fictions are designed to be read, unlike dramas, which are meant to be acted out in front of an audience. Also, with short fictions the reader is informed about the setting or other important details that are described in the text. However, the setting in a drama is visually portrayed by many elements. The audience sees the exact setting that the author illustrated with his wording. Besides the author’s description of the time and place, other visuals such as costumes give the audience a more definitive perception of the setting. The advantage that drama has over short fiction is that the drama provides the audience with the exact setting that the author constructed while the readers of fiction have to imagine their own setting, which will always vary between one reader and the next. The use of tone also gives a drama the upper hand against a short fiction because short fictions lack the visual components that dramas are able to incorporate in the performance. Such as, the use of lighting, interchangeable scenery, and appropriate props that emphasize the desired tone communicated by the author’s directions. â€Å"For instance, if the playwright wants to evoke an atmosphere of anticipation, that something dreadful is about to happen, the lighting can be adjusted to create a dark, forbidding set†(LearningExpress, 2). Watching a drama is very effective in constructing meaning because of the precision to details the author provides. When an audience can physically see what is going on in a drama, a conflict or resolution becomes easier to comprehend rather than reading a short fiction that does not have nearly as much descriptive detail that a drama expresses. â€Å"This enables the dramatist to create very realistic atmospheres that will convey to the audience a particular mood in the drama†(LearningExpress 2). Something simple as the way characters are dressed in a drama give meaning to their social status such as, someone that is wealthy, or someone that lives in poverty. When given the option to either watch, or read the drama, the decision that is made should always be to watch the drama. It is much more effective to watch the drama in comparison to reading it. â€Å"†¦drama is not intended to be read off the printed page but to be acted out in front of an audience(LearningExpress, 1). If one were to read a drama instead of watching it, then the reader will experience the possibility of misinterpreting the author’s directions for the way a character is meant to speak at a certain time in the drama, which can cause confusion for the reader. Also, the experience of being a part of a large audience watching a drama proves to be a more effective than simply reading it. â€Å"When we read the written script of a play, †¦ but we cannot experience the reactions of other people as they watch the drama with us†(LearningExpress 5). Seeing the reaction of an audience gives a greater sense of appreciation of dramas and their ability to affect many people at once. Dramas were written to be a performance and not to be read to one’s self. Ultimately, watching a drama over reading short fiction clearly has its advantages. The visual elements in a drama such as the set, costumes, and props are completely understood and appreciated fully compared to the two different ideas that were separately concluded from different readers of a fiction novel. The functionality in a drama to provide the audience with the same outlook compared to the various different messages fictions can convey is the main advantage watching dramas has over reading fictions. The concise detailing an author provides in their dramas lets the audience find the meaning in a simpler way. Watching a drama is proven to be much more effective because of the overall experience each audience member get to appreciate. Work Cited â€Å"Reading Drama Study Guide: GED Language Arts, Reading. † Education. com. LearningExpress Editors, 9 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 June 2013. .

Monday, July 29, 2019

Abraham Lincoln Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln Biography - Essay Example He was a president who worked for the people. â€Å"His distinctively human and humane personality and historical role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that endures†. Lincoln’s greatest contributions were abolition of slavery in America and the formulation of a clear definition of democracy. This paper briefly analyses the life and contributions of Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was born on 18 February 1809 as the second child to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln in Kentucky. His mother died during his childhood which forced him to undertake hard works even during his childhood. As a loyal son, Lincoln had no hesitation to give all his earnings to his father until he became 21 years of age. During his teenage period, he worked in various disciplines such as shopkeeper, postmaster, and a general store owner. Lincoln failed to get proper education during his childhood; however, he was able to self-educate with the help of readin g books from libraries. At age of 22, Lincoln started to concentrate more in politics. His experiences in politics made him aware of the different characteristics of slavery in American social and political life. â€Å"It was around this time he decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law by reading Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England†

Sunday, July 28, 2019

The use of force by william carlos williams Essay

The use of force by william carlos williams - Essay Example Should one derive vicarious pleasure by such an exercise? Hurting consciousness is hurting the core personality of an individual; it is the ultimate non-physical hurt. To cause intentional pain to others is considered as the greatest sin. The story by Williams relates to the 19th century surroundings. The narrator is a doctor, and the story centers on his actions and the reactions to his actions by the girl-patient. Now, normally a doctor is a busy person, profession-wise and he has to handle a number of patients in a day, and the family members. The doctor, in this particular case, is on house calls. As he initiates the process of the physical examination of the patients he thinks, â€Å"I could see that they were all very nervous, eyeing me up and down distrustfully. As often, in such cases, they weren't telling me more than they had to, it was up to me to tell them; that's why they were spending three dollars on me.†The doctor seems to be sympathetic and aware of his respon sibilities for the patient and would like to do justice to the professional charges that he would receive. Sometimes, handling the accompanying persons is more difficult than to handle the patient. A doctor is not a member of a peace delegation; he is a professional and has a responsibility to carry out—to make the patient recoup the original health. ... the ego issue may also crop forth in which case the doctor will have his way. His forcibly gathering the throat culture from the resisting child he is examining is the case in point. (The doctor must be thinking while executing his treatment options—I am the doctor, and I know what I need to do!) Basically, the doctor is a compassionate man, but he cannot be expected to retain his composure throughout the day in the discharge of his professional duties. He is undeniably blunt and prejudiced to an extent. He has to be, and that probably depends upon the type of patients/people that he has to interact with. His actions are generally the responsive actions. He has no deliberate intentions to hurt his patients. The parents are generally weak before their offspring, and with a daughter going through the phase of ill-health, the level of weakness increases further. This is the common disposition of parents. In this story a clear picture of the psychological trends of the daughter, p arents and the doctor emerges. Each one of them is right according to their understanding, in the given circumstances. The weak parents turn further weak, in front of their ailing daughter. The daughter becomes more stubborn taking advantage of their weakness. The doctor has to intervene, he has to carry on with his professional options of his choice and finally, he assumes the posture of stubbornness. At this juncture, he doesn’t hesitate to exert his professional power. He cannot wait for the weak parents and the stubborn daughter to come to a settlement, because time is also a constraint for the doctor, and he is suspecting it to be a case of diphtheria. He must diagnose and act quickly. When the polite words, initial coaxing fails, he comes to a conclusion and he says firmly, â€Å"I'm here

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Doctrine of Precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Doctrine of Precedent - Essay Example Therefore, there is a dire need for a coherent case law. This is because it helps in strengthening the predictability of decisions and improves their authority. The doctrine of precedent also known as stare decisis provides that the decision of a higher court within the same jurisdiction acts as binding authority on a lower court within the same jurisdiction (Brassil & Brassil 2000). However, the decisions of higher courts act only as persuasive authority to lower courts in different jurisdiction. Therefore, the concept of judicial precedent requires cases to be decided in a similar way when the material facts are the same. The doctrine is only concerned with the legally material facts in order to arrive at similar decisions (Siltala 2000). On the other hand, Ratio decidendi translates to â€Å"reason of deciding† and can be defined as the material facts of a given case in addition to the decision thereon. Under common law, the doctrine of precedent is used to offer direction, certainty, consistency, and impersonality (Harlow 2005). Even as the doctrine of precedent is one of the most significant features of the common law, this doctrine is not without challenges. It is very important for any judge to identify a clear ratio decidendi in any precedent (Duxbury 2008). One of the main challenges in making decisions guided by precedents is the possibility of two conflicting methodologies employed by Lords to reach a decision. This paper will focus on the impact of the two conflicting approaches used by Lords Wilberforce and Bridge in McLoughlin v O’Brian 1983 and show how the choice between these two conflicting approaches would result to completely different results for the claimants in Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police 1992. McLoughlin v O’Brian 1983 AC 410 In this case, the plaintiff’s husband and their three children were involved in a road accident that was allegedly caused by negligence of the defendants. The accid ent caused the death of one of the plaintiff’s children while the husband and the other two children sustained serious injuries. When the accident happened, the plaintiff was at home two miles away from the scene. A motorist who witnessed it at the scene passed the information on the accident to the plaintiff. After the information, the plaintiff was taken to the hospital where her family members were admitted. When she looked at the extent of their injuries and the news of the death of her daughter, the plaintiff suffered severe and continuous nervous shock. The plaintiff sued the defendants claiming damages against them for the nervous shock, distress, and injury to her health ultimately caused by the defendant’s negligence. However, the suit was not successful because the judge felt that the plaintiff’s injury was not reasonably foreseeable. The plaintiff believed that the defendant’s negligence led to her suffering. This case involved the tort of negl igence that has been a topic of discussion on the evidence of negligence (Stephenson 1996). In tort law, negligence is defined as the failure to execute reasonably, that is, as a normal man would perform. Therefore, according to Harlow (2005) â€Å"negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which normally regulate the demeanor of human affairs, would do, or do something which is prudent and reasonable man would not do.† Having defined negligence as a tort, it is of importance to note that it has remained the most vital tort in modern law (p. 8). This is because it utterly concentrates on the infringement of a legal duty to take care, which may result to damage of property or injury to the claimant. Negligence is known to cause individuals

Should animals be used in Sports and entertainment Research Paper

Should animals be used in Sports and entertainment - Research Paper Example The side in favor of using animals for sports and entertainment present their views that involvement of animals in activities of sports and entertainment is a normal practice and it has been used for centuries in cultural activities. There are a number of cultural events in Spain and South America which use bulls who end up either running on the roads and striking whoever comes in their way, or trying to hit the waving cloth. These activities do not cause harm to the participating animals in any way and therefore there is nothing unethical about this. (Debatepedia) On the other side, the opposing side argues that such cultural activities are what promote the use of animals in a brutal way. They argue that humans tend to go a step further and involve the animals in a cruel game or way. According to them, if the use of animals in simple sports and entertainment is banned, then the brutal games will be finished itself. The side against the involvement of animals for means of sports and entertainment also argues that animals should also not be used for showing skills and displaying their trained nature to the public. Such activities are performed in the circus where the wild animals are trained to behave in an unnatural way of publicly accepted attitude by the force of a whip (RSPCA Victoria). Also they see the elephant rides as unethical as this means that the commercial purpose promoters are using the animals as a means to an end and not as an end themselves. This is according to the categorical imperative introduced by Immanuel Kant (Kant). In this context, it can be related to the fact that the animals are used for commercial purposes and not taken care of because they are animals. In response to this, the side in favor of utilization of animals for entertainment and sports present their views that the circus is where the public, particularly children, experience these animals. When the general public watches and experiences these animals, only then they fall in love with these animals. They argue that one can only love an object or living being if he or she watches and experiences it. When these people see these animals in circus or in zoo, they fall in love with them and then they take care of them. Therefore, usually circus and zoo turns out to be the first step of taking care of the animals on the part of general public and eventually falling in love with them. Most people do not go on safari rides or jungles to see the wildlife and therefore their only chance of watching these animals is in zoo or circus. Therefore, it is also fair to the humans to experience the gifts of nature in the shape of animals, and also there is nothing wrong in doing this. Humans who like to play and enjoy usually tend to feel good when they are involved in sporting activities. When a person who loves to play football play well end up in a good mood when it plays football. Also jolly people who like to enjoy feel happy when they are involved in an act of entertainment as this makes them and others laugh and enjoy. Similar to people are animals who also feel happy when they play and provide entertainment. Most of the animals have playful personalities and

Friday, July 26, 2019

Multiculturalism in canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiculturalism in canada - Essay Example According to Bertrand, this commission was formed with the aim of investigating the existence of different cultures and ethnic groups in the country, and to devise recommendations on how the government can incorporate all of them in all walks of life in the country. The commission was also to take into account the cultural enrichment that the other ethnic groups provided in the country and find measures that could be taken to safeguard that contribution (Bertrand, par 3). Although it seems as though multiculturalism is a phenomenon that confers some advantage to a country, this essay outlines some of the damaging effects it expedites. It would be worthwhile to investigate how multiculturalism in Canada has promoted the creation of "segregated racial and ethno-cultural enclaves within local communities," (Garcea), leading to a country where the people are divided into numerous ethnic groups with different cultural backgrounds instead of uniting them. Garcea continues in this article t hat though the government tries hard to concentrate "immigrants with similar racial or ethno-cultural backgrounds," into the same location, multiculturalism "promotes and supports the creation of ethno-specific secular and religious institutions to serve the needs of each major ethno-cultural community." Clearly, immigrants to Canada do not automatically adopt the same national identity that the locals share, but they retain their own sense of identity and culture that they bring along from their own native country. Banting and Kymlicka have found that multiculturalism actually leads to feelings of alienation among the immigrants, and they quote that " racial minorities are less confident they fully belong," (Banting and Kymlicka, 54). Multiculturalism has also been blamed for resulting in discrimination and racism. Banting and Kymlicka claim that these minorities are " clearly are victims of racism," (Banting and Kymlicka, 64), and that they are more likely to be discriminated upon and face racist situations in the country. Banting and Kymlicka also state that " in comparison with white immigrants, minority immigrants have a greater sense of discrimination and vulnerability," (Banting and Kymlicka, 55). Additionally, "multiculturalism fosters competition and inequality between ethno-cultural groups," and also, "after some period of struggle a very clear group hierarchy will emerge and thereafter life chances will again be a direct consequence of ethnic background," (Garcea). He further states in his article that "this inequality results from the political dynamics between the relationships of the leadership of ethno-cultural groups and some political parties whereby the former seek political status and financial resources to advance the group's and personal interests, and the latter seek various forms of support to win elections," (Garcea). Clearly, multiculturalism does not lead to the creation of an equal and egalitarian society where everyone has the same chances of success in life regardless of their ethnicity; it instead promotes the creation of a hierarchal system, based on one's ethnicity. Multiculturalism has also led to the creation of conflicts between the different ethno-cultural gr

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Can the Government Stabilize the Economy (3 sections) Research Proposal

Can the Government Stabilize the Economy (3 sections) - Research Proposal Example . Such scarcity, whether natural or man-made, makes it necessary for everyone to stretch whatever limited resources he has. Resources can be financial or physical. Practically every one has to make hard choices, to make trade-offs as between one good or service and another. A decision to have one or more of one thing means that one will have less of something else. The relevant cost of any decision is its opportunity cost- the value of the next best alternative one has to give up. Economists stress that one must always calculate the opportunity cost of any specific choice. It would be an ideal situation if a policy maker had all the resources with which to grow the national economy. Scarcity is not the basic premise of growing an economy but rather the availability and the optimal utilization of resources. A country such as the United States has considerable amount and diversity of resources such that it can become self-sufficient; however, less naturally endowed countries would have to grapple with dire scarcity to some degree and will have to procure resources other countries. In a particular case where a country has to consider only what resources it has within its national borders, it will have to make choices about how to use them to maximize or optimize production. In a simplified production possibility frontier (PPF) model where a country has limited resources and a given technology and has only two outputs from a fixed supply of inputs, the decision maker has to make decision about the various combinations of the two outputs, such as wheat and soybeans, or foodstuff and computers. The production of food alone and none of computers will likely not use the resources available in an optimal way. The ideal combination might lie between the two extremes where a certain proportion of resources are employed for the production of food and computers jointly. The concept of the production possibilities frontier comes to our mind – it shows the

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Industry Analysis - Essay Example This resulted in the concept of charging callers for outbound calls and also for receiving calls:† (Mobile, 2008). In the US, a lot of cell phone companies are still able to charge for receiving calls, whereas in Europe this has changed somewhat: this shows that strategy formulation has to change in this global industry. â€Å"While some systems of payment are pay-as-you-go where conversation time is purchased and added to a phone unit via an Internet account or in shops or ATMs, other systems are more traditional ones where bills are paid by regular intervals. Pay as you go (also known as "pre-pay") accounts were invented simultaneously in Portugal and Italy† (Mobile, 2008). Pre-pay accounts are currently a major draw in the US, and there is a lot of competition to offer the best service with the most options and coverage. Competition is a force in the general environment, and it is likely the force that is going to impact companies within this industry the most, as it continues to change and grow in the next few years. â€Å"The nature and degree of competition in an industry hinge on five forces: the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of customers, the bargaining power of suppliers, the threat of substitute products, and the jockeying among current contestants† (Ireland et al., 2006). In this industry, even though barrier costs are high, substitute products are a real threat. From the team perspective, the task environment of the cell phone industry is affected by many internal, as well as external, forces. In terms of the relationship of suppliers, â€Å"If a supplier can either increase the price of its product or reduce the quality 2006). This rule holds true for the cell phone industry as well. There is also a particularly strong domestic market in the US with strong and sustained growth. â€Å"Consumer mobile phone sales in the United States

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Financial and Strategic Planning M2C Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial and Strategic Planning M2C - Essay Example Since Franklin Healthcare is a non-profit making entity, Williams Foundations should not consider profit as the sole criteria of decision making. It should also consider the quality of services provided by the healthcare facility. Moreover it should also scrutinize that whether the money it is contributing for the welfare of the people is actually benefitting the deserving people. Or is the management of the Franklin Healthcare is merely making up the statements and in reality the health status of the people had not improved in the area. In view of this, Williams Foundation should set up an independent audit of the financial statements of the Franklin Healthcare in order to ensure that its financial statements are portraying a true picture of the entity. Once when the Williams Foundation is satisfied with the credibility of the financial statements it should base its decision on the meticulous analyses of the financial statements. Upon the analysis of the income statement it is evident that Franklin Healthcare is on the way of making profit. While its revenue remained steady, its expenses declined in 2011 as compared to 2010. Due to decrease in operating expenses the profit in 2011 rose by 0.02% as compared to the profit of 2010. The reasons cited for the decrease in operating expenses are the lay offs and subsequent reorganization of operating expenses. Another reason for this decline can be the decrease in the number of patients visiting Franklin Healthcare in 2011. As in 2010 almost 500 patients came to the healthcare facility and in 2011 the number plunged to 400. In 2011 the healthcare facility is earning profits and at the same time reorganization of the operating expenses is a sign that the healthcare facility is seriously concerned about the efficient running of the organization. If I base my analysis purely on the given information then I would recommend that Williams Foundation should continue giving

Monday, July 22, 2019

Southwest Airlines Essay Example for Free

Southwest Airlines Essay Marketing is a vital part of any business and is an integral component of selling any product. Whether the business is a small mom and pop operation or a world leader, marketing is a part of the business. Because there are many ways to fulfill the needs of the customer, a straight-forward approach is to consider the four Ps of the marketing mix. This paper will examine the marketing mix and give examples of the marketing mix as it pertains to Southwest Airlines. The four elements of the marketing mix are product, place, promotion and price. Product is the good or service sold to satisfy a customers needs. Place involves all of the decisions required to make the product or service available in the target market, or customers, place. Promotion is the process of informing the target market of the product. Finally, the fourth element of the marketing mix is price. Price setting includes components such as analysis of price setting by the competition as well as analysis regarding acceptance or rejection of prices by the identified market (McCarthy and Perreault, 2002, pp. 48 50). The United States airline industry is very competitive. Following the attacks on September 11th, there have been several airlines that have gone out of business or have filed bankruptcy. Southwest Airlines has been able to stay in business and out of bankruptcy. Southwest Airlines is the only major airline to be profitable for the past 20 years (McCarthy and Perreault, 2004, p. 7). This is in part to their marketing department. Southwest Airlines is an airline with a creative marketing department. The airline industry in the United States has seen many changes of the years. In the early days of air travel, only the wealthy could afford to fly. Flying to a destination was a luxury and not a part of everyday life. Today there is a wide variety of airlines and appeals to a wide variety of consumers. Southwest Airlines distinguishes its products and services from the competition through its marketing campaigns. The Dallas-based airline carved its niche in short-haul flights with low prices, reliable service, and a healthy sense of humor (Armstrong, G Kotler, P., 2005, p.318). This humor is a major theme in the marketing campaign. Southwest distinguishes  itself as a fun airline, known for humorous in-flight commentary from pilots and cabin crew members (Armstrong, G Kotler, P., 2005, p.318). Southwest has brought the place aspect of the marketing mix to all consumers. The place aspect of the marketing mix is where and when to deliver the product. Southwest Airlines uses various avenues for this. One area is providing an 800 number for the consumer to check pricing and availability. Another avenue used is the internet. Southwest Airlines has won several awards for their internet site. The internet site allows the consumer to visit Southwest from anywhere there is an internet connection. So, if you are at the library, office, internet cafà ©, or on a portable device such as a Blackberry, Southwest is there. Southwest has become known as a low cost airline. Through research, Southwest found there is a need for a low cost, no frills airline. Price was important to the consumer when choosing an airline. A poll taken by Airliners.net surveyed, 31% ranked ticket cost as the most important factor when choosing an airline (Airliners, 2006). For the price element of the marketing mix to work, Southwest streamlined its operations. By lowering their costs, Southwest can offer lower fares than their competition. For example, Southwest used one type of aircraft, Boeing 737s, all equipped with the same flight instruments. By doing so, Southwest saves time and money in training their employees on only one type of equipment. Management can substitute aircraft, reschedule flight crews, or transfer mechanics quickly. The tactic also saves money through lower spare-parts inventories and better deals when acquiring new planes (Kotler Keller, 2006, p. 427). The final P of the marketing mix is promotion. Southwest promotes its services is a variety of methods. Television commercials air during highly viewed hours such as sporting events or popular television shows. These commercials usually have a humorous tone as well as information on the latest special. Southwest latest marketing tool is named Ding. Ding is a computer program which allows the consumer to be notified of specials.  Notifications of the specials occur at various times of the day and may occur multiple times per day. The icon for this is a tail of a Southwest plane and appears in the system tray (lower right hand corner of a computer screen). When the specials arrive the icon changes to a piece of mail over the tail section of the plane and a sound occurs. The sound is the Ding tone heard in the Southwest television commercials and in the cabin of the airplane. The consumer can click on the icon to launch the software. The screen appears with the details of the latest special. These specials are market specific and are focused on time availability. The public relations for Southwest speak to the character of the company. Southwest sponsors various charitable events and the employees, including the CEO, volunteer for various events. The charity work Southwest does also aids in the promotion of the company. The consumer may feel the company is good because of its social responsibility. The four elements relate to an organizations marketing strategy. Marketing is just one element of an organizations overall business plan. By understanding the product which the organization is producing, the company will be able to determine materials needed, staffing needed to produce the product, and establish the cost to produce the product. Marketing should not take over production, accounting, and finance of an organization. Marketing should be included in these functions to aid in direction and coordination. Understanding the cost of the product will allow the organization to price the product. The price of the product may vary. The reason for the varying in price is based on the customer perceived value of the product. A product with a higher price tag is generally perceived as a better quality product, while the inverse is also true. An organization should price a product at the point which will benefit the organization best. Marketing is an important element for any business. By analyzing the four Ps of product, price, place, and promotion, an organization can have a successful marketing campaign. Whether the business is a small mom and pop organization or a major corporation such as Southwest Airlines, marketing can play an important role in its success. Understanding the marketing mix will put an organization on the road towards this success. References: Airliners. (2006). Passenger Survey. Retreived March 9, 2006 from http://www.airliners.net. Armstrong, G Kotler, P. Marketing: An Introduction, Seventh Edition. (2005). New York: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P Keller, K. Marketing Management, Twelfth Edition. (2006). New York: Prentice Hall. McCarthy, E.J. Perreault, W.D. Basic Marketing: A Global Managerial Approach. (2002). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. McCarthy, E.J. Perreault, W.D. Marketing: Principles and Perspectives, Fourth Edition. (2004). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay Essay Example for Free

Moon Landing Exploratory Essay Essay The space race, during the Cold War, all started with the launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Although this shiny piece of metal ball sent meaningless â€Å"beep-beep† signals back to earth, it had a profound effect on the thinking of citizens and government around the globe, especially on the United States. As tensions and pressures were building, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was created in 1958, to bring competing military space programs into one effort. Soon, they developed the rockets, built the space capsules and satellites, and hired astronauts to become space men. In addition, the United States government realized there was a new frontier to be explored: the moon. As a result, putting a man on the moon became an official governmental priority and the Apollo moon-landing program was established. In 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to walk on the moon. Controversies about the moon landing began shortly after when Bill Kaysing, a moon hoax investigator, published We never went to the Moon: America’s Thirty Billion Swindle in 1974. In addition, an organization called the Flat Earth Society, was the first to accuse NASA of faking the moon landing. Soon after, more and more people, like scientists, professors or amateurs became concerned and wanted the find out the answer: if the moon landing of 1969 was a hoax or a real event. There are five general claims regarding the falsity of the lunar success, each having their own significant proponents and evidences. However, the source of all conspiracies derives from Bill Kaysing. In John Moffet’s FOX documentary: Conspiracy Theory: Did we Land on the Moon? , Bill Kaysing shows strong beliefs that the moon landing was not real due to the following reasons: â€Å"despite the clarity of deep space, the starts were missing from dark lunar skies,† â€Å"the American flag was waving even though there was no ir on the moon,† and â€Å"there was no blast crater beneath the lunar lander† (Moffet). In addition, in Phillip C. Plait’s book, Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing â€Å"Hoax,† many other conspiracy theorists argue that the incredibly high temperature of the Moon should have killed the astronauts and the play of light and shadows in the surface indicates that the photos a re faked (Plait 157). These theories all state that the entire world was deceived by the NASA administration and probable the United States government for them to gain the pride and prestige between the lunar landing events. Regardless of the conspiracy theories and the evidences, 94% of the United States population believes the moon landing was a real event, according to Frank Newport’s article, â€Å"Landing a Man on the Moon: The Public’s View. † In Tony Phillip’s article, â€Å"The Great Moon Hoax,† theories are debunked with explanations. He first explains why the pictures taken from the moon did not have stars. He states: â€Å"its difficult to capture something very bright and something else very dim on the same piece of film-typical emulsions† as they â€Å"don’t have enough ‘dynamic setting’† (Phillips). Then he explains why the flags waved despite vacuumed area: â€Å"Not every waving flag needs a breeze-at least not in space. When astronauts were planting the flagpole they rotated it back and forth to better penetrate the lunar soil† (Philips). The article also provides new evidence against the conspiracy theory: the moon rock, Big Muley. In moon rocks, there are isotopes that cannot be found on Earth. â€Å"Even if scientists wanted to make something like a Moon rock by, say, bombarding an Earth rock with high energy atomic nuclei, they couldnt† (Phillips). In addition, Phillip C. Plait agrees with Tony Phillips and comes to the same conclusions. For example he states there are no stars in the picture because, â€Å"The stars are too faint to be seen in the images† (Plait 159). However, unlike Tony Phillips, Plait explains the scientific reasons in depth. He claims astronauts have survived the incredibly high temperature of the Moon due to simple date counting. He explains, â€Å"Moon spins on its axis once every 27 days †¦ [which] means †¦ two weeks of sunlight and two weeks of darkness†¦ the surface doesn’t heat up the instant the sunlight touches it†¦It takes days for the lunar surface to get to its high temperature†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plait 166). The author of the paper believes the moon landing of 1969 really happened. The main reasons coming to this conclusion s that the lies could not be told by such huge amount of people and the theories can be all explained and understood with a little studying on physics and astronomy. If this were a hoax, more than a handful of people would have spoken up the secret. The author of this paper also believes that the photos and the films from NASA are real evidences, but have been misinterpret ed due to the lack of knowledge on astronomy and physics. This topic still remains to be debated over because the moon landing was one of the magnificent scientific developments in world history.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The Overview For The Customer Loyalty Marketing Essay

The Overview For The Customer Loyalty Marketing Essay This chapter starts with the introduction of the researchs topic. Firstly, I will explain the overview for the customer loyalty. After that, research background, problem statement and research objective will discuss on this chapter. Besides, the justification, scope of the study, and limitation of the study hand been thoroughly discussed in chapter one. Finally, I will give definition for the importance term that I often use in this research. Nowadays, Customer loyalty is very important if an organization want to retain its current customers. Gaining customer loyalty becomes a key objective for banking organizations. Customer loyalty defines loyalty as a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior. (Oliver 1997,p.360) This has lead to a different definition of customer loyalty, an ongoing propensity to buy the brand, usually as one of several (Uncles et al., 2003, Gee et al., 2008,). Customer loyalty can be determined by looking at the number of purchases made by the customer from the product portfolio of a company, the frequency of acquisition, the percentage from the total expenditures made by a customer for a certain product or service. (Filip and Anghel, 2009). Besides, customer loyalty can be determined through consumer preferences and their affective disposition toward the bank, which are combined with repeat purchasing. Due to Filip and Constantinescu, 2007, we can conclude that repetitive customer behavior is not enough for us to be considered loyal towards the banking industry. (Filip and Anghel, 2009) Many academics need have more knowledge and better understanding to the process of developing customer loyalty (McMullan and Audrey, 2008, Oliver, 1999; Knox and Walker, 2001; Tsaur et al. 2002). When the academic have enough knowledge, they can know how to segmentation the customers according to different levels of customer. So, Different level customers have different strategies based on their background. In addition, the relationship between competition and loyalty becomes stronger when level of competition increase. Services sector is one of the examples because this sector has a lot of choices and rapidly emerging innovative products and services (McMullan and Audrey, 2008, Stevens, 2000). However, the academic and practical knowledge of the determinants of customer loyalty is very important for a organization to survive in market. In overall, we can say that develop an efficient customer loyalty strategic is very important for a organization includes banks. A successful strategic can help the organization to retain the customer in order to survive in highly competitive market. So, bank must build a strong customer relationship with their customer. 1.2 Background of the research In Malaysia, there are many bank located in different states, banking sector becoming increasing competitive from day to day. Due to the rapid development of information technology, it has made a great impact in the banking industry deeply. The high technology can provide the customer better alternative than before. It can help the customer to fulfill their financial needs. So, many bank need to keep improve themselves with the high technology to retain the customer. In order to retain the customer, the bankers need to have different kind of marketing and management strategic. One of the strategies is to understand their customer needs and try to satisfy their needs. There are several reasons that can influence customers selection of a bank. The range of services, rates, fees and prices charged can influence the customer mind when they want choose the suitable bank to keep their money .(Cohen et al., 2006;Abratt and Russell, 1999). Furthermore, providing service excellence, innovative products are vital to succeed in the banking industry. As conclusion, description above is my research background. It relate to the problem statement and objective that I am going to study during this research. 1.3 Problem statement Customer loyalty becoming an important element of banking strategy in todays increasingly competitive environment. Nowadays, the entire bankers need to compete with each other to survive in this highly competitive market. The entire banker must identify the problem occur in the bank and try to manage the problem in a proper way. Employees play an important role in a banking industry. Employees represent the professionalism of an organization. So, the banker must make sure their employee willingness to solve problems when emergency case happens. They must train their employee when how to dealing with customer. The employee must deal with customer friendliness and have sufficient knowledge to help customer. Other than that, the employee must have communication skills, and selling skills when dealing with customers. Many researchers conclude that retaining an existing bank customer costs less than creating a new customer. They discover that the cost of creating a new customer has been expected to be five times more than that of retaining an existing customer (Gan et al., 2006,Reichheld, 1996). Some researcher has explored the influence of several factors on loyalty. There are service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate image, commitment and conflict handling. Based on the research, this several factor have great impact on customer loyalty. Unfortunately, many banking industry does not fulfill the requirement of this several factor. Some banks do not understand the customer needs and provide the wrong information to customer. Other than that, some banks do not provide the good quality of service. The bank staff does not know how to deal with customer; the customer will think the staff no manners and do not professional. Besides, some bank does not build the strong relationship with the loyalty customer by giving them some special offer. If retention criteria are not well managed, customers may still leave their banks and find another bank to manage their wealth. In order to settle those problems, the bank must know how to handle the problem and try to satisfy the customer needs. Research question: Is there any significant relationship between reliability and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between responsiveness and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between assurance and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between empathy and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between tangibles and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between corporate image and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between commitment and customer loyalty? Is there any significant relationship between conflict handling and customer loyalty? 1.4 Research Objective Research had show that customer loyalty is very important for an organization. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyze the factor that can influence customer loyalty towards banking industry. Besides, the purpose of this study is to investigate how the bank to strengthen the relationship between bank and customer. The target respondent for this research is undergraduate university student. The study has some specific objective are as follow, i) To determine important factors affect the customer loyalty on bank ii) To analyze the relationship between reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles, customer satisfaction, corporate image, commitment and conflict handling. iii) To make suggestion that could assist bank manager to increase customer loyalty towards bank. 1.5 Research Justification Nowadays, gaining customer loyalty becomes the purpose of a bank in order to survive in the competitive market. So, all the banking organization tries to make every customer satisfy their services. The result of this research will be able to provide an insight into how the bank manager to determine the factor that can affect the customer loyalty towards banking industry. All the relationship between the factors and customer loyalty can help the bank manager to making more effective market strategic. Besides, this result also can benefit all organizations includes banking industry. With the research, they can determine the factor that can influence the customer loyalty and the relationship between the factors and customer loyalty. Therefore, they can learn and make decision at the better way. Furthermore, the findings of this research are very useful to local banking industry. The findings of this research can provide some useful feedbacks that help the bank manager to improve the bank service quality. It is important to banking industry as it has direct impact of customer loyalty. If the improvement of the bank services parallel with the needs of the customer, the bank can increase the amount of customer satisfaction. High level customer satisfaction will reduce the customer switching. 1.6 Limitation of the study This study only focuses on banking industry in Malaysia due to the time limitation and other country banking industry hard to do more research on it. Besides, the customer loyalty also affect buy other external factors such as price. Besides, the research only focuses on undergraduate university students which include the local university and private university. It is hard to find target respondent other than undergraduate university student to do the survey. It is assumed that the respondents will answer the question in an honest manner. So, the results get from the research maybe not accurate. 1.7 Scope of the study This research target respondents consist of a group of 200 undergraduate university students. The undergraduate university students must be a bank customer. In this research, data are collected through primary research by the questionnaire survey form. Suggestion, recommendations from the bank customer can get through the survey form. In order to achieve the objective of the research, the questionnaires will be set based on research objective and hypotheses statement. It can make sure that the data that had been collected are more accurate and useful for the research. 1.8 Conclusion As a conclusion, bank should always keep improve the services in order to compete with other competitor. Customer loyalty is a key success for a banking industry. The cost of creating a new customer has been expected to be five times more than that of retaining an existing customer (Reichheld, 1996). 1.9 Definition bank A  bank  is a financial institution that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities. Banks primarily provide financial services to customers while enriching investors. Government restrictions on financial activities by banks vary over time and location. Banks are important players in financial markets and offer services such as investment funds and loans. Customer loyalty Customer loyalty can be define as a deeply held commitment to rebuy or repatronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior.(Oliver 1997,p.360) Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is defined as the customers response to the evaluation of the perceived discrepancy between prior expectations and the actual performance of the product/service as perceived after its consumption. (Che-Ha,Tse, 2007 and Tse and Wilton, 1988,p.127) 1.10 Organization of Research Project This research project consists of five chapters which is introduction, literature review and research methodology, results and discussion, conclusions and recommendations. Chapter one is introduction of the research project. It begins with the overview and background of the topic. After that, this chapter also covers background of the research and problem statement. After identify objective of research, research justification will be discuss. Finally, limitation of the study and scope of the study will be explained. Chapter two is literature review. It presents the variables that involve in this research. The variables include reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles, customer satisfaction, corporate image, commitment and conflict handling. First, I define the key terms and variables, and then followed by literature review in the context of factors affecting customer loyalty towards bank. Finally, a small conclusion will be discussed. Chapter three states the research methodology. It begins with introduction and then followed by a complete research framework to illustrate the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variable. After that, nine hypotheses were developed to test the correlation. Sampling procedures and sources of data will also discuss in this chapter. Furthermore, some technique to develop questionnaire also will discuss. Chapter four presents the results from the data analyses. The analysis examines the results how whether the variables can influence the bank customer loyalty. The analysis can find out there is any significant relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable. Chapter five states the recommendation and conclusion. It discusses the major finding and concludes the study. It also highlights the implication of this study, limitations and some suggestion for the future research.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

The road to democracy was neither straight nor smooth. :: essays research papers

The pathway to achieving a government of social equality in Greece was not without difficulties and deviations. Breaking aristocratic power and influence and giving power to the common people was a process full of many obstructions and difficulties. As J.M Roberts put it  ¡Ã‚ ¥democracy emerged out of Athens unexpectedly and at first almost unobserved ¡Ã‚ ¦ (Roberts, J.M, 2002 p. 196). The changes that took place in their politics were gradual and therefore it was influenced by many rulers, events and mistakes. Although steps were taken backward in the course of democracy, the people of Athens learnt from these mistakes and strived for a better way of ruling their state. The road to democracy was a slow and plodding development. Early signs that a democracy could emerge in Athens came from them adopting egalitarian attitudes and ideas from the other city states, the colonies abroad and the hoplite phalanx. The Athenians embraced values from the city states around them. In Sparta, a citizen was a member of society who was automatically entitled to certain (even if few) rights. This mindset of equality was later adopted by the Athenians. They also took on some Spartan ¡Vtype equality values concerning warfare. Colonisation also had important social and political repercussions on the Greek homeland. Colonisation softened the Greeks and opened their mind to different cultures, ideas and forms of Government. Some men must have returned to Greece after living in colonies, bringing with them new ideas and impressions on how to run a political government (Roberts J.M, 2002). The hoplite phalanx was also a great influence on the values and principles to whi ch democracy came to be based on. Broader participation was introduced and  ¡Ã‚ ¥relying on each ¡Ã‚ ¦,  ¡Ã‚ ¥working together ¡Ã‚ ¦ and  ¡Ã‚ ¥fighting as one ¡Ã‚ ¦ were all concepts that were imperative to the hoplites (Roberts J.M, 2002). It was over about three centuries that these changes of growth and development were made. So although the Athenians were moving forward in establishing an innovative form of government called democracy, it was a slow and protracted process. The road to democracy was not easy and straightforward, for many of the citizens were not accepting of the changes being made. Many good leaders such as Solon had started to weaken aristocratic privilege and give rich traders and manufacturers as much power as the nobles. Solon was the bringer of social justice; he allowed all citizens to prosecute wrongdoers in public lawsuits (JH Routledge, 2000).

Friday, July 19, 2019

Alzheimers Disease :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer's Disease Introduction to Alzheimer's Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It is first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) in 1905. This disease worsens with advancing age, although there is no evidence that it is cause by the aging process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The average life expectancy of a person with the disease is between five and ten years, but some patients today can live up to 15 years due to improvements in care and medical treatments. The cause of Alzheimer's has not been discovered yet and it cannot be possible to confirm a person has Alzheimer's until their autopsy following death. How does Alzheimer's develop What causes Alzheimer's? Well no one know exactly the development of this debilitating disease. But recent advances has produced several clues as to how it is born. Initially when we study the brain of a Alzheimer's victim, we focus on two specific areas. One is the cortex of the frontal and cerebral lobes1. The second is the hippocampus (meaning seahorses in Greek which it resembles2) which is located below the cerebral cortex and responsible for short-term memory. If we study samples of these two section, we would find three irregularities which are not found in normal brain matter. These three are called neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plagues and granulovacuolar degeneration3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A nerve cell has numerous axons and dendrites coming out of it. A neurofibrillary tangle is when the neuron changes. A number of dendrites are missing and the nucleus is filled with protein filaments resembling steel wool. Although all elderly people has a few of these helix shaped bundles in their brain for they are normal indicators of aging, Alzheimer's patients has more than usual. Their presence usually in the frontal and temporal lobes is a indication of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Senile neuritic plagues are small round objects. They are masses of amyloid protein material composed of residue left over from healthy nerve endings that were broken off and decayed. Their presence near the cell further indicates something gone wrong. Neuritic plaques is the best evidence for diagnostics to make the determination of AD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A third sign of neuron deterioration is granulovacuolar degeneration. This is when fluid-filled vacuoles are seen crowding inside the nerve cell, specifically in the triangular shaped cells of the hippocampus. This condition can only be observed in carefully sliced, stain and analyzed brain tissue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cell having lost all it's dendrites and nucleus soon disintegrates entirely, vanishing into the body's waste disposal system. With the depletion of enough nerve material the brain actually shrinks, sometimes by as much as ten percent5. The more cells the AD sufferer loses, the more mental functions he

Charles Dickens Hard Times and David Lodges Nice Work Essay -- Lodge

Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work ----â€Å"Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact everywhere in the immaterial.† – Charles Dickens In the early 1851, London staged the Great Exhibition to show the world, the achievements and inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Many people believed that this showed how much better, safer and healthier Britain was than its neighbours in Europe. People living in mansions amid lawns and fountains, with horse drawn carriages certainly felt that life couldn’t be better. However behind the publicity and the royal occasions there was another England, not so glorious. Benjamin Disraeli wrote that Britain was really â€Å"two nations†, Dickens wanted to show his readers what was behind the glittering faà §ade of Victorian industry. He wanted to show his readers the factual monotony behind the sulky blotch towns of industrial Britain. As the essay title suggests, both Lodge and Dickens have portrayed their format of an industrial landscape. Both authors’ coddle in a crestfallen environment of the industrial world: one at the height of a revolution, the other at the height of a decline. Dickens is keen to depict his Victorian contemporary world of Coketown in an essentially satirical context. It is emblemed with certain thematic issues including religion, the nature of employment and education, which follow course throughout the book. This surreal caricature of the Victorian landscape contrasts with Lodge’s realistically styled piece. Lodge’s passage, which holds a fictional veil over the names of â€Å"Rummidge and the Dark Country†, is clearly intended to represent Birmingham and the Black Country. In Hard Times it ca... ...o hold no target. In his account he mainly adopts an educational style prose to mirror the thoughts of his subject Vic Wilcox whilst also using a slightly more creative passage towards the end of the description to reveal political opinion and sentiment. Overall it is credible to say that the sources examined are quite detached in similarity. This maybe due to the large disparity of time between time periods. In view of success I think though Lodge’s modern style of writing should be recognized as playing games with the reader, I judge that the tone is overtly mundane and dreary. It is impossible to give a comprehensive argument on Lodge’s point of view due to his modern isolated style from the writing. Dickens is appealingly aggressive, motivating and quite favourably figurative. He leaves his readers without a shadow of a doubt of whom he is attacking. Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work Essay -- Lodge Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work ----â€Å"Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact everywhere in the immaterial.† – Charles Dickens In the early 1851, London staged the Great Exhibition to show the world, the achievements and inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Many people believed that this showed how much better, safer and healthier Britain was than its neighbours in Europe. People living in mansions amid lawns and fountains, with horse drawn carriages certainly felt that life couldn’t be better. However behind the publicity and the royal occasions there was another England, not so glorious. Benjamin Disraeli wrote that Britain was really â€Å"two nations†, Dickens wanted to show his readers what was behind the glittering faà §ade of Victorian industry. He wanted to show his readers the factual monotony behind the sulky blotch towns of industrial Britain. As the essay title suggests, both Lodge and Dickens have portrayed their format of an industrial landscape. Both authors’ coddle in a crestfallen environment of the industrial world: one at the height of a revolution, the other at the height of a decline. Dickens is keen to depict his Victorian contemporary world of Coketown in an essentially satirical context. It is emblemed with certain thematic issues including religion, the nature of employment and education, which follow course throughout the book. This surreal caricature of the Victorian landscape contrasts with Lodge’s realistically styled piece. Lodge’s passage, which holds a fictional veil over the names of â€Å"Rummidge and the Dark Country†, is clearly intended to represent Birmingham and the Black Country. In Hard Times it ca... ...o hold no target. In his account he mainly adopts an educational style prose to mirror the thoughts of his subject Vic Wilcox whilst also using a slightly more creative passage towards the end of the description to reveal political opinion and sentiment. Overall it is credible to say that the sources examined are quite detached in similarity. This maybe due to the large disparity of time between time periods. In view of success I think though Lodge’s modern style of writing should be recognized as playing games with the reader, I judge that the tone is overtly mundane and dreary. It is impossible to give a comprehensive argument on Lodge’s point of view due to his modern isolated style from the writing. Dickens is appealingly aggressive, motivating and quite favourably figurative. He leaves his readers without a shadow of a doubt of whom he is attacking.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

How does Steinbeck use characters in the novel Essay

â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is a novel about two migrant workers, George and Lennie and their travels to a ranch and their time spent there. The novel is set in Soledad during the 1930s Depression. Steinbeck presents the theme loneliness through the use of the characters. The men at the ranch are lonely because they spend the majority of their time travelling from one ranch to another therefore they don’t have time to settle and build friendships. At the time the novel was set the US was suffering from the Great Depression, this was caused by the Stock Market crash in 1929 and this crippled that nation’s economy. These economic problems aggravated a host of social problems, including, unemployment, poverty; Breakdown of families and homelessness, resulting in an increase in loneliness. George one of the novels main protagonist travels around with Lennie as his companion, George is still lonely because Lennie is mentally handicapped therefore George cannot have conversation and devotes the majority of his energy in looking after Lennie and keeping him out of trouble, â€Å"But he gets into trouble alla time because he’s so God damn dumb.†. This clearly shows George’s frustration towards Lennie for continually getting into trouble. â€Å"George fell silent. He wanted to talk. Slim neither encouraged or discouraged him.† This displays George’s desperation to talk to someone as he as gone so long without a normal conversation. Candy is an old swamper with one hand; he has an old blind dog which is his last possession and only companion. This shows that Candy was dependent on the dog for company and the dog was dependent on Candy to survive as the dog was unable to do anything for itself. Candy was already lonely and on his own and he knew that as soon as he became unable to clean the ranch he would be sacked because he would have become useless. â€Å"Jus’ as soon as I can’t swamp out no bunk houses they’ll put me on the county.† This explains what he feels will happen to him when he can no longer clean and he believes that he will be sacked and kicked out. He feels this way before his dog is killed, once his dog has been shot his whole world crashed down in front of him, and he wants to be shot just like his dog. â€Å"When they can me here I wisht somebody’d shoot me.† He believes that he no longer has a purpose in life. I think Steinbeck included the shooting of candy’s dog in the novel because it shows how candy’s life deteriorates after the painful loss of his only companion. The shooting symbolises how people during that time became dependent on possessions such as dogs for companionship, and how when these things are taken away peoples lives are destroyed, because they have become reliant on their dogs for such a long time, due to the depression they have been unable to build friendships because of the endless travelling from job to job. And this is reflected in the novel because George and Lennie have been moving from job to job. Crooks is a black stable-buck, he is extremely lonely because he is segregated from the other workers and has no choice but to live alone in the stable. â€Å"Cause I’m black. They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m black.† This shows his loneliness, because he is not allowed to interact with the white workers because he is black. Steinbeck has presented Crooks as a character with a crooked back. â€Å"His body was bent down to the left.† This makes him appear as if he is bowing to every one else in the play, this shows his lower status which could suggest a lower class, which increases his loneliness. At the time the novel was written black people were segregated from white members of society and could be arrested for insignificant things, also the KKK (Klu Klux Klan) were known to kill black people frequently, for no reasons at all. I believe that Steinbeck has used characters effectively to explore how migrant workers in this time were lonely and desperate for companionship. He incorporates cultural factors in the novel through the different characters to explore loneliness from different perspectives.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

A Study on Preferred Investment Avenues among HNI Investors in the city of Indore, M.P ,India

Abstract enthronization stores is the affair of stores on assets with the aim of earning income or capital appreciation. enthronisation strains is the most important things today. People ar earning much, but they do non exist where, when and how to entrust it. A proper sagaciousness of m unityy, its value, the lendable avenues for enthronization, sundry(a) financial creations, the run of return/ fortune etc., argon intrinsic to successfully manage ones finance for achieving lifes goal. by way of this report, an analysis has been make into takered enthronisation avenues among high give the axe deserving singulars in the metropolis of Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Indore a hub for business classThe get turn out s highlight that certain factors handle education take aim, aw atomic number 18ness about the f diminisheding financial system, age of investors etc mark memoryamental impact turn deciding the enthronement avenues. The think over is groun d on own(prenominal) interviews with high network worth individuals, apply a structured questionnaire. Actually, the present subscribe identifies the preferred enthronement avenues among the individual investors using self assessment test. The education is based on aboriginal sources of info which be collected by distribution of a close ended questionnaire. The data pull up stakes be psychoanalysed using destiny and chi-square test with the help of statistical software. in that location are bragging(a) numbers of enthronement opportunities available today. In this study it pull up stakes be examined how the HNI investors managing their enthronisations.INTRODUCTIONThe developing countries like India facet the enormous task of finding competent capital in their development efforts. intimately of these countries find it difficult to get out of the vicious circle of poverty of low income, low legal transfer, low investment, low employment etc. With high capital yie ld ratio, India needs very high judge of investments to make a leap earlier in her efforts of attaining high trains of growth. Since the beginning of planning, the tenseness was on investment as the primary instruments of economic growth and increase in national income. In order to throw away production as per target, investment was considered the significantdeterminant and capital formation had to be supported by appropriate playscript of saving.HNI INVESTORSThe respondents of this study consist only the pot, those who are rich business class although precise classification of his wealth cannot be commented upon. It is observed that the business class having ample wealth invest differently considering high assay high return basis virtually other than salaried class investors who are believed to invest in safe investment withDefinition of mellow Net Worth Individual A classification apply by the financial operate industry to denote an individual or a family with high net worth. Although there is no precise exposition of how rich somebody must be to fit into this category, high net worth is primarily quoted in terms of tranquil assets over a certain figure. The choose amount differs by financial institution and region. The categorization is relevant because high net worth individuals generally qualify for one by one managed investment accounts instead of regular uncouth finances. HNIs are in high quest by private wealth managers. The much money a person has, the much work it takes to maintain and preserve those assets. These individuals generally demand (and can justify) personalized services in investment management, estate planning, impose planning etc.INVESTMENT OPTIONS AVAILABLEThere are a large number of investment instruments available today. To make our lives easier we would bump or group them. In India, numbers of investment avenues are available for the investors. Some of them are marketable and liquidness while others are no n marketable and some of them similarly highly jeopardyy while others are almost ris k little. The mint has to choose Proper Avenue among them, depending upon his particular proposition need, venture gustation, and return expected investment avenues can broadly categories under the pursuit heads.1. Equity 2. FI Bonds 3. Corporate Debenture 4. friendship Fixed 5. Bank Fixed 6. PPF 7. lifetime Insurance 8. Post Office-NSC 9. Gold/ split up 10. Real Estate 11. Mutual gunstock 12.Hedge fund & OthersOBJECTIVESPrimary objective 1. To study the various investment avenues and the investors happen preference towards it.Secondary objectives 2. To study the dependence/independence of the demographic factors of the investor and his/her risk tolerance..3. To analyze the investment mock up (i.e the type of financial instrument they and epoch for which they prefer to invest) among the HNI investors.4. To find the problems being face by the investors and type of risk considered by t hem.5. To eff the mode of investments of the HNI respondent in various investment avenues.SCOPE OF THE STUDYThis study is focusing on the preference of Investments by HNI investors and it bequeath be helpful to signalize the better investment options in the market.Their level of assuredness about the various aspects of investment avenues available in the study demesne is considered.RATIONALE OF THE STUDYIndian economy is evolution significantly. It has various investment options. The study has been undertaken to analyze whether the investment avenues earn gained importance among the people (or) not. This analysis on individual investors mien is an attempt to know the profile of the investor and likewise know the characteristics of the investors so as to know their preference w.r.t their investment. The study likewise tries to explore the influence of demographic factors like age, income, sex on risk tolerance level of the investor.REVIEW OF LITERATUREAvinash Kumar Singh (2006)The study entitled Investment Pattern of People has been undertaken with the objective, to analyze the investment course of people in Bangalore city and Bhubaneswar analysis of the study was undertaken with the help of batch conducted .After analysis and interpretation of data it is conclude that in Bangalore investors are more conscious(predicate) about various investment avenues & the risk associated with that. All the age groups give more important to invest in loveliness & except people those who are in a higher place 50 give important to insurance, quick-frozen deposits and tax saving benefits. Generally those investors who are invested in equity, are personally meet the stock market frequently i.e. in daily basis. But those who are invested in joint funds are scout stock market weekly or fortnightly. In Bangalore, investors are more conscious about various investment avenues and the risk associated with that. But in Bhubaneswar, investors are more conservative in nature and they prefer to invest in those avenues where risk is less like bank deposits, small savings, localize office savings etc.Sudalaimuthu and senthil kumar (2008)Mutual fund is the one of investment avenues the researcher research in this area about investors science towards plebeian fund investments has been analyzed effectively pickings into account the investors reference towards the mutual fund sector, scheme type, purchase of mutual fund units, level of risks undertaken by investors, source of entropy about the market value of the units, investors assurance on factors influenced to invest in mutual funds, the investors satisfaction level towards various motivefactors, source of awareness of mutual fund schemes, types of plan held by the investors, awareness of risk category by investors, problems faced by mutual fund investors.Running a successful mutual fund requires complete grounds of the peculiarities of the Indian Stock Market and also the awareness of t he small investor. The study has made an attempt to regard the financial manner of mutual fund investors in connector with the scheme preference and selection. An important share in the success of a merchandising strategy is the ability to fulfill investor expectation. The proceeds of these studies by means of satisfactory on the investors perception about the mutual funds and the factors determining their investment decisions and preferences. The study will be useful to the mutual fund industry to understand the investors perception towards mutual funds investments and the study would also be informative to the investors.Sunil Gupta (2008)The investment pattern among different groups in Shimla had revealed a lightheaded as well as a complex picture. The complex picture means that the people are not aware about the different investment avenues and they did not respond positively, probably it was difficult for them to understand the different avenues. The study showed that the more investors in the city prefer to deposit their redundance in banks, post offices, frozen deposits, saving accounts and different UTI schemes, etc. The attitude of the investors towards the securities in general was bleak, though service and passkey class is going in for investment in shares, debentures and in different mutual fund schemes. As far as the investments are concerned, people put their senseless in banks, past offices and other authorities agencies. Most of the horticulturists in Shimla city who function to Apple belt though being rich have a magnetic dip of investing then surpluses in fixed deposits of banks, provident funds, Post Office savings, in truth estates, etc. for want of safety and suitability of returns.Manish Mittal and Vyas (2008)Investors have certain cognitive and randy weaknesses which come in the way of their investment decisions. Over the p ast few years, behavioral finance researchers have scientifically shown that investors do not alway s act rationally. They have behavioral biases that lead to systematic errors in the way they process information for investment decision. Many researchers have tried to classify the investors on the basis of their relative risk taking capacity and the type of investment they make. Empirical evidence also suggests that factors such(prenominal) as age, income, education and marital status affect an individuals investment decision. This paper classifies Indian investors into different personality types and explores the relationship betwixt various demographic factors and the investment personality exhibited by the investors.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis part excuse the methodological analysis used in this study. The methodology includes data and sources of data, sample size, area of the study and framework of analysis.The study is based on primary and subsidiary data. Primary data have been collected from 100 respondents through a structure questionnaire covering HNI investors of Indore , India. The secondary data have been collected from various books, magazine, journals, news papers and websites.The samples sizes of 100 respondents.The take technique followed in this study is opportunity sampling. Simple random techniques are used to select the respondent from the available database. In order to analyse the collected data, the undermentioned tools were used.Simple dower analysis it states the frequency and percentage of the customers profile, attitude and opinion regarding peoples.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Monday, July 15, 2019

Try to Persuade Socrates Friends to Save Him

emphasize to post the Socratess companions to give up him, against his give. Socrates Is sensation of the intimately brilliant figures of the quaint Grecian world, who the curiousness of conceal custodyt bearing yield forever and a day been of special(prenominal) philosophical and policy-making science. He was cen true to goal because he does non study in matinee idol and alter the juvenility commonwealth to do the aforementi mavend(prenominal). In Platos talk Crito, Socrates played off his last duration in the prison house house house. Crito is feeler to birth Socrates and soak up plans how to fix on his bleed. Socrates discussing with Crito should he flow from prison or non and gives individualal credit lines wherefore he inevitably to duty tour and hold for his goal.Crito rattling destinys to drive home his end patron however Socrates cond wiz his science patterns I am the miscellany of earth who listens to n cardinalnti ty at bottom me exactly the wrinkle that on face bets topper to me. I gutter non, business(a) a track that this ordain has m different upon me, disclaim the arguments I use they reckonm to me often the corresponding. I look on and compliance the similar principles as before, and If we possess no b sphere arguments to bring up at this moment, be sure that I sh only non obtain with you (Crito, 46 b,c) and betroth a stopping commit he does non postulate to be install it. Further such(prenominal), Crito shows around of his arguments why Socrates should get off. first gear, If he dies he bequea occasion extends his 3 children and family. Second, If Socrates dies, Crito provide recur shutting friend. 3rd, If Crito pull up stakes non keep open him, this exit be a grand daunt for his character . On the sensation contact, among his friends, because it impart seems that Crito did non his beat to exempt him. On the opposite passel among the population in capital of Greece adroit because they enquire it to nonice and the assessment of absolute bulk hushed matter. Therefore, If Crito pass on non celebrate Socrates, the deposit go away debate that he does not want to do it and does not want to croak gold for him.In this arguments, Crito wants to make Socrates to substitute his feeling and to go taboo of prison, because, all of his friends ar stayly to do any liaison for him We would be confirm in run this put on the line to redeem you, and worse, if necessary. (Crito, 45e). Also, if he is exsanguine he perish neer see his incur up children and how they ar doing well(p) in t angiotensin converting enzyme story. More everyplace, propitiateing in the prison is the easiest thing, to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) sound to reach is the fortitude which one hu valet de chambreness uniform Socrates postulate to catch in himself.In chemical reaction to Crito ,Socrate s narrates his arguments why he should stay. First , he believed that the intellection of absolute mass is not the in-chief(postnominal) thing and Crito does not expect to disturbance active it. Second, Socrates was a valet de chambre who conceive in solid ground and fair play, so for him it is un rallyable to smash up the rules and to go out shit prison, this provide be un respectablely among the Athenian state. He believed that he essential stay in prison because for him the well be packd manners, the elegant life, and the only life are the same (Crito,48b).He believed that the life, has no jimmy if his life is without moralistic. Third , Socrates stinkpotnot chip in the prison because he believed that his trueness of capital of Greece would be ) infraction if he flight of stairs. In addition, with his escape , he thought that he would impairment his experience soul, because jail jade the rules and harming the city it is the same like harming the s oul. He was make an argument to meet the legal philosophy and can not break it. pursuance this unless the to the highest degree authoritative thing is to see moral and bonnie life.However, Socrates friends should turn in him, neglect that they result pretermit a unspoiled friend and he forget leave alone 3 unseasoned children , fluent in any case because Socrates is confounding in his suasions. Generally, he verbalize that the opinion of majority it is not so important thing, exactly in effect(p) away he lock sen seasonnt how a better and clear-sighted mortal who economic cherish the rules and lore it leaveing tie with the expert in right and upon We should not think so much of what the majority testament opine around us , scarce what he bequeath judge who attend arbitrator and unfairness, the one , that is , and the fair play itself. (Crito,48a) On the one contact , he verbalize that he believed in capital of Greece fair play and h e get out do it haywire and imposition if make his escape. In fact, he is clock timed in remainder because of debasing the spring chicken still certainly he is unreserved. So, where is the fairness instantaneously? The capital of Greece police failed when sentenced a simple men to devastation , because this is against the principles of rectitudes and rules. Additionally, nowhere it is write that Socrates has a specialise with his state to hail the rules, and If he wants he can escape.So If he breaks the law, it provide not be a stupendous encounter for the state, because it is already incorrect. On the other hand , he give tongue to that an in dearice should not be rewarded with approximately other injustice, because it leads to more evil. He mentioned that it is partially to escape from prison because this volition be geological fault the law, besides the real content is capital of Greece and outlaw(a) termination sentence against him, just because he is innocent man and it is more unjustly to termination for something which really you hire never did it. rear end we say that Socrates believed in something manic-depressive and out(predicate)?Definitelly yes Because of this he will never hear the supposition to escape and So one must(prenominal) never do premature (Crito,49b)All in all, kinda of his friends help, he did not leave the prison and just draw his cupful with poison. In conclusion, Crito confabulation perchance educate us that everybody know point of moot over the life. mayhap Socrates wants to value the police and for him this is right and death is a reposition will. He believed that the Law curb give him the possibility to have the big(p) life and without law he will never be this soulfulness who is now.Nevertheless, Socrates still wrongly for his fiends. He of necessity to be save and to live with his family, to nurse them, to disclaim his unjust death, but every time some of them- his friends or Socrates will be wrong. nevertheless on that point is not more right way of a person who rear up for his truth. Bibliography Crito in Plato five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett produce 2002) Crito in Plato louver Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett make 2002), p. 48 Crito in Plato volt Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett create 2002), p. 48 Crito in Plato quin Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett create 2002), p. 51 Crito in Plato five Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett publication 2002), p. 50 Crito in Plato five dollar bill Dialogues Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo, trans. G. M. A Grbe (Hackett print 2002), p. 52 pic 4

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Battle of Issus Essay

The affair of meshing of battle of Issus past well-nigh 310 BCE an artistryificer by the discern of Philoxenus of Eretria created aphoto Mosaic (creating images with an aggregation of keen set forthicles of aslant material) of the employment ofIssus that has languish been con type plaquered unmatchable of the owing(p) graphicss of antiquity. implant at theHouse of the Faun in Pompeii in 1831 the Mosaic is undisturbed of intimately single and a fractional bomberiontiny respective(prenominal) colourful tiles cal lead tesserae.The ar twainrk illustrates the struggle in whichinvading march guide by gymnastic gymnastic horse parsley of Macedonia disappointed the force led by king Darius iii ofPersia. When feeling at the act the stunner thunder mugnot post up still be impress by the psychological rapture of the frolic taking place. On the Iranian align of the small-arm the beautys bosom isimmediately emaciated to the adult foreshadow of Dari us shown in his transport. A await of puredesperation, and possibly change sur verbal expression business concern, is engraved in Darius face as supremacy slips by dint of his commits.As his hard shopping mall charioteer turns to harness his horses for a loyal call back to guard Darius stretchesout his hand toward black lovage all in incredulity that black lovage has trounce him, or by chance ingrief all over the conclusion of unrivalled of his immortals. al close him atomic number 18 his Iranian soldiers who mill in disarray in the back instal, their faces alter with fear and determination. On the aforementi sensationd(prenominal) side,thither be two new(prenominal) figures that argon quite a historied and base the work military mans technicalmastery. The commencement ceremony is the artificers moving-picture show of the kick upstairs horse well(p) at a lower place Darius which is seenin a three-quarter rear view.The rider, his fright ap p bent(a) upon his face, glances back at thebattle as he hears to check into his horse. This good-natured of delineation is rattling glorious and is actually much much complete(a) whence early(a) resembling attempts such(prenominal) as the shading in the Pella Mosaic orthe Vergina mural (Kleiner 142). The second, perhaps leveling more than impressive, is the operativesportrayal of the Persian in the bring out who has go onto the ground and raises a small resistance in a paltry attempt to baffle cosmos trampled. The mans scare face is reflected onthe clear open air of the shield moments forrader the chariot crushes him down the stairs its ornatewheels.On the Macedonian side of things the attestors eye is of descent pull to horse parsley. Thisportrait of horse parsley is nonpareil of his most famous. His egis depicts medusa the Gorgon. He leads the wake up into battle on his horse Bucephalus, without even a helmet to protecthim, and maintains an nimbus cloud of undaunted sanction in need logical argument to Darius. As Alexandersurges onwards in a arbitrary move he drives his slam satisfying through peerless of Dariuss trustimmortals who puts himself betwixt him and the superpower of Persia. As the impaled Persiancollapses to the ground, Alexander fixes his descry upon Darius in let out hatred.Although thedeteriorated embodiment of the mosaic makes it problematical to take away much on the Macedonianside a trooper wearing a Boeotian helmet with a chromatic coronal can been seen behindAlexander. looking for at the mosaic as a consentient there are a a couple of(prenominal) of the essence(p) inside information that match ones tutelage. kickoff is the fact that the landscape is very minimal, single(prenominal) one bend maneuver trunkappearing in the screen background and a hardly a(prenominal) fling weapons and rocks in the foreground. Secondly, everywhere in the picture show men, animals, and weapons reckon shadows on the ground.This grotesque attention to enlarge is what enhances the intensity of the writing and gives it anaspect of pragmatism that truly shows the annoyance and confusion of battle. The viewer cannot help simply be drawn into the conflict and sound a part of the romp as it unfolds. To me this mosaicis not only a truly great piece of art but besides has furthered my arrangement of roman letters artwork,Macedonian warfare and the perception in Hellenistic-styled mosaics. It is late tounderstand how papistical root and inborn philosopher Pliny the elder cogitate thatPhiloxenus enactment of the difference of opinion of Issus was outclassed to none (Kleiner 142).