The Secret Of Getting By Mark Twain - 1134 Words

Mark Twain once said â€Å"the secret of getting started is breaking your complex overwhelming tasks into small manageable tasks, and starting on the first one†. Twain believed that the key to success is to get started and to take one step at a time. However, people often forget that as they focus too much on the end goal. Before one can walk, one must learn to crawl. Before an individual can successfully accomplish a task, the person is required to learn the basic components of the task. They are required to learn the fundamental and essential actions that are required to auspiciously finish the task. Every action contains a series of smaller actions that assist in carrying out the bigger action. People often forget about these smaller steps because they grow accustomed to only thinking about the outcome. However, people are often forced to pay attention to these smaller actions when there s a disruption in performing the end goal. Thus, occupational therapy helps individuals develop, recover, or maintain skills that are required to carry out the smatter steps so individuals can then achieve other things. I intended to become a pharmacist to please my parents who have high expectations for me as the first generation college student in the family. However, during my first semester in college, I realized that it s wasn t for me. I thought that I might end up despondent throughout my career if I became one as I go through the daily routine of working a job. Although, becomingShow MoreRelatedThe Secret Of Getting Ahead Is Getting Started1713 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The secret of getting ahead is getting started.† - Mark Twain Writing imposing stories on a boy by the name of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn and the mighty Mississippi River, Mark Twain ventured the American soul with intelligence, optimism, and a keen eye for the truth. He became nothing less than a national treasure (AE Television). Early Life Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835, in a minute village of Florida, Missouri, he was the sixth child of Jane and John Clemens. AtRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn800 Words   |  4 Pages The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an action-packed adventure about Huckleberry Finn, an extraordinary young boy growing up along the Mississippi River. The author, Mark Twain, established rigid conflict and left his readers in disbelief over some of the occurrences in the book. All adventure long, Huck and his comrades must adapt to keep their dreams alive. Huck becomes a better person from experiencing all the hardships that he endured, whether it is being thankful for his friends or becomingRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Analysis Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesis quite like this subject. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel written by Mark Twain, it’s about a boy named Huckleberry Finn, who sets out on a journey to discover his own truth about living free in nature, rather than becoming civilized in a racist and ignorant society. Mark Twain implies that Huck Finn resembles more of what he believes is right rather than what society surmises from him. Twain revea ls this through the themes of satire, racism, and hero’s journey, which he uses constantlyRead MoreViolence And Greed Are Two Themes That Run Rampant Through All Of Huckleberry Finn1471 Words   |  6 Pagesrecalls how his father hasn t been seen in a year and Huck was just fine with that as Pap â€Å"used to always whale [Huck] when he was sober and could get his hands on [Huck]† and Huck would have to hide out in the woods to get away from his father (Twain 113). This skill ends up serving Huck well later, when he has to hide from many other men who are representations of his father. Pap comes out of hiding, only because he heard that his son had come into a large sum of money and he wants it for hisRead MoreMorality In Huck Finn1339 Words   |  6 PagesMorality plays a key role in the decision a person will make in this situation. According to Mark Twain in the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, morals are accumulated through experiences. Huck Finn is a y oung boy who has to make the decision to turn in a runaway slave or protect him from the harsh community they live in. Through his conflict involving his relationships with Jim and society, Twain reveals that morality is formed through experience. Huck’s inner conflict reveals Twain’s attitudeRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn600 Words   |  3 Pages The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain’s continuation of Tom Sawyer follows the misadventures of Tom’s friend Huckleberry Finn and a runaway slave, Jim. The story opens with Huck who is living with Widow Douglas and her sister Miss Watson. The sisters are trying to civilize and educate the unwilling Huck who is not happy with his new life of church, school, and manners. Right as Huck is coming to terms with this new lifestyle his drunken, abusive father returns and demandsRead MoreEssay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: The Individual Supremacy1956 Words   |  8 PagesSpecifically, the author Mark Twain’s great American novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, supports this idea of the American Transcendentalism by revealing the maturation of protagonist Huckleberry Finn to incorporate individual thoughts. Twain employs changing stylistic devices in the three parts of the novel to compel the audience to realize that self-conviction is more favorable than interdependence on external influences. In the first part of the novel, Twain uses a variety of dictionRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2486 Words   |  10 Pages Mark Twain, legendary American satirist, wrote many bestsellers highly acclaimed throughout the world. The literary establishment recognized him as one of the most influential writers in America since the publication of his masterpiece, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. At first glance, the novel appears quite innocently filled with wild escapades centered on two protagonists who embark on a journey together down the Mississippi River: Huckleberry Finn, an unruly young boy who breaks free fromRead MoreMy I Come From The Wizard Of Oz756 Words   |  4 Pagesyears later, a crossroads in life correlating with the changing world of healthcare, and I find myself more like the Scarecrow than ever before. There are individuals who have something that I haven’t got: a diploma, an MBA. And seeing that I’m not getting any younger, it appears the window of opportunity has opened to transition my professional career in a slightly different direction, to augment my private prac tice of caring for individuals by extending to a role that incorporates population basedRead MoreThemes Of Huckleberry Finn3483 Words   |  14 Pagesbriefly show arguments, and conclusions within the writings of Mark Twain’s story Huckleberry Finn. I will discuss the various themes that Mark Twain is bringing to light within his story. This paper will show how Mark Twain uses those themes within the story, and how they are specifically used. I will also briefly discuss the life of Samuel Clemons, the author known as Mark Twain, and give the reasoning behind choosing the name of Mark Twain when writing his novels. Themes of escapism will be discussed

Essay on The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth - 1720 Words

The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth There is hardly any emotion in William Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth that outweighs that of guilt. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are seriously compromised by the impact of this emotion. Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth: Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand. (792) In Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye sees a relationship between Macbeths guilt and his hallucinations: The future†¦show more content†¦The very use of such a tender allusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most enormous that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use. (56) The Tragedy of Macbeth opens in a desert place with thunder and lightning and three witches who are anticipating their meeting with Macbeth. Macbeth is greeted by the witches with hail to thee, thane of Glamis, thane of Cawdor, and thou shalt be king hereafter! When Ross and Angus arrive with news of Duncans reward (He bade me, from him, call thee thane of Cawdor), it is logical for Macbeth to assume that all of the weird sisters prophecies will come true. At this point in the play there is no guilt felt. After the kings announcement that We will establish our estate upon / Our eldest, Malcolm, Macbeth says, The Prince of Cumberland! that is a step / On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, for his scheming is seriously underway. At Inverness in Macbeths castle, his lady anticipates Duncans visit: The raven himself is hoarse / That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan / Under myShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare Is A Well-Known And Recognized English1542 Words   |  7 Pages Shakespeare decided to move to London and took up the role of being an actor and a playwright. It wasn’t until 1594 that he began his career with the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the leading theater company at the time. Shakespeare spent his time pumping out 37 written plays and over 150 poems, which only provoked him into becoming a prominent playwright, figure in his successful work output. Shakespeare didn’t only revert to tragedies such as Macbeth, but combined fascinating plots, strong ch aractersRead More Fate vs. Freedom Essay1046 Words   |  5 Pages Fate may state what will be in ones life however, how that destiny comes about is a matter of mans own choice. In other words, incidents dont occur because our destinies are written. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare expertly uses the theme of fate vs. free will and raises the pre-eminent question of which holds power over the characters. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, fate is not the cause of his downfall, his own desires and choices prove to be the deciding factor. There are several examples ofRead MoreEssay Discuss the Supernatural in Macbeth.2548 Words   |  11 Pagesin Macbeth, provides for much of the plays dramatic tension and the mounting suspense. In this paper we shall look at some of supernatural elements in the play. Well first talk about the witches. Thunder occurs every time when the witches show up. In Act I sence i, it indicates the theme of discorder. When the witches enter, there is stormy weather. The storm attends the three witches when they are gather to express their exploits. They cast a spell that they are going to meet Macbeth. ThereRead More Macbeth Senior Research Paper1797 Words   |  8 Pagestried to keep up with the people’s needs. In 1605, Shakespeare was being hounded for another work of genius. Hamlet and King Lear had just been completed and the people begged for more. He knew not of what to write and like many playwrights, he did research. He found two stories from Hollinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland. Shakespeare had already taken ideas from Hollinshed for his plays like Henry IV and Henry V. William decided to combine the reign of Macbeth and the murderRead MoreHamlet, Prince Of Denmark1869 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Kyd s Spanish Tragedy. He goes on to challenge the verbal parallelism of theses two texts by strongly supporting Robertson’s view that ‘Shakespeare s Hamlet, so far as it is Shakespeare s, is a play dealing with the effect of a mother s guilt upon her son, and that Shakespeare was unable to impose this motive successfully upon the intractable material of the old play.’ Eliot quite wickedly also asserts a statement: â€Å"far from being Shakespeare s masterpiece, the play is most certainlyRead MoreA Freudian View Of Charles Lamb’s Dream Children: A Reverie1973 Words   |  8 Pageswas old but distinguished from every corner. Lamb used to spend his holidays there as a child and was each time overwhelmed by its beauty and majesty. Mrs. Field often spoke of seeing the apparitions of two small children (a boy and a girl), running up and down the steps of the house at midnight; of which Lamb had no luck of witnessing (probably an innuendo to The Babies In The Wood). He remembers how he used to stroll in the big house with its worn-out curtains and flinging tapestry. He would constantlyRead MoreModern English Macbeth21221 Words   |  85 PagesModern English Macbeth www.nosweatshakespeare.com Modern English Shakespeare resources ebooks Contents About the Author Page 3 Act One Scene One Act One Scene Two Act One Scene Three Act One Scene Four Act One Scene Five Act One Scene Six Act One Scene Seven Page 5 Page 6 Page 8 Page 12 Page 14 Page 16 Page 17 Act Two Scene One Act Two Scene Two Act Two Scene Three Act Two Scene Four Page 19 Page 21 Page 23 Page 26 Act Three Scene One Act Three Scene

Traditional Education free essay sample

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Traditional education, also known as back-to-basics, conventional education or customary education, refers to long-established customs found in schools that society has traditionally deemed appropriate. Some forms of education reform promote the adoption of progressive education practices, a more holistic approach which focuses on individual students needs and self-expression. In the eyes of reformers, traditional teacher-centered methods focused on rote learning and memorization must be abandoned in favor of student-centered and task-based approaches to learning. However, many parents and conservative citizens are concerned with the maintenance of objective educational standards based on testing, which favors a more traditional approach. Depending on the context, the opposite of traditional education may be progressive education, modern education (the education approaches based on developmental psychology), or alternative education. [1] Contents * 1 Definition * 2 Instruction Centre * 3 Marking * 4 Subject Areas * 5 Criticism of the concept of teaching in traditional education| Definition The definition of traditional education varies greatly with geography and by historical period. The chief business of traditional education is to transmit to a next generation those skills, facts, and standards of moral and social conduct that adults deem to be necessary for the next generations material and social success. [2] As beneficiaries of this scheme, which educational progressivist John Dewey described as being imposed from above and from outside, the students are expected to docilely and obediently receive and believe these fixed answers. Teachers are the instruments by which this knowledge is communicated and these standards of behavior are enforced. [2] Historically, the primary educational technique of traditional education was simple oral recitation:[1] In a typical approach, students sat quietly at their places and listened to one student after another recite his or her lesson, until each had been called upon. The teachers primary activity was assigning and listening to these recitations; students studied and memorized the assignments at home. A test r oral examination might be given at the end of a unit, and the process, which was called assignment-study-recitation-test, was repeated. In addition to its overemphasis on verbal answers, reliance on rote memorization (memorization with no effort at understanding the meaning), and disconnected, unrelated assignments, it was also an extremely inefficient use of students and teachers time. This traditional approach also insisted that all students be taught the same ma terials at the same point; students that did not learn quickly enough failed, rather than being allowed to succeed at their natural speeds. This approach, which had been imported from Europe, dominated American education until the end of the 19th century, when the education reform movement imported progressive education techniques from Europe. [1] Traditional education is associated with much stronger elements of coercion than seems acceptable now in most cultures. [citation needed] It has sometimes included: the use of corporal punishment to maintain classroom discipline or punish errors; inculcating the dominant religion and language; separating students according to gender, race, and social class, as well as teaching different subjects to girls and boys. In terms of curriculum there was and still is a high level of attention paid to time-honoured academic knowledge. In the present it varies enormously from culture to culture, but still tends to be characterised by a much higher level of coercion than alternative education. Traditional schooling in Britain and its possessions and former colonies tends to follow the English Public School style of strictly enforced uniforms and a militaristic style of discipline. This can be contrasted with South African, USA and Australian schools, which can have a much higher tolerance for spontaneous student-to-teacher communication. citation needed] Instruction Centre | | Topic| Traditional approach| Alternate approaches| Person| Teacher-centred instruction: * Educational essentialism * Educational perennialism| Student-centred instruction: * Educational progressivism| Classroom| Students matched by age, and possibly also by ability. All students in a classroom are taught the same material. | Studen ts dynamically grouped by interest or ability for each project or subject, with the possibility of different groups each hour of the day. Multi-age classrooms or open classrooms. [3]| Teaching methods| Traditional education emphasizes: * Direct instruction and lectures * Seatwork * Students learn through listening and observation[4]| Progressive education emphasizes: * Hands-on activities * Student-led discovery * Group activities| Materials| Instruction based on textbooks, lectures, and individual written assignments| Project-based instruction using any available resource including Internet, library and outside experts| Subjects| Individual, independent subjects. Little connection between topics[3]| Integrated, interdisciplinary subjects or theme-based units, such as reading a story about cooking a meal and calculating the cost of the food. | Social aspects| Little or no attention to social development. [3] Focus on independent learning. Socializing largely discouraged except for extracurricular activities and teamwork-based projects. | Significant attention to social development, including teamwork, interpersonal relationships, and self-awareness. | Multiple tracks| * A single, unified curriculum for all students, regardless of ability or interest. Diverse class offerings without tracking, so that students receive a custom-tailored education. * With School to work, academically weak students must take some advanced classes, while the college bound may have to spend half-days job shadowing at local businesses. | Students choose (or are steered towards) different kinds of classes according to their perceived abilities or career plans. Decision s made early in education may preclude changes later, as a student on a vo-tech track may not have completed necessary prerequisite classes to switch to a university-preparation program. Student and teacher relationship| Students often address teachers formally by their last names. The teacher is considered a respected role model in the community. Students should obey the teacher. Proper behavior for the university or professional work community is emphasized. | In alternative schools, students may be allowed to call teachers by their first names. Students and teachers may work together as collaborators. | Marking Topic| Traditional approach| Alternate approaches| Communicating with parents| A few numbers, letters, or words are used to summarize overall achievement in each class. Marks may be assigned according to objective individual performance (usually the number of correct answers) or compared to other students (best students get the best grades, worst students get poor grades). A passing grade may or may not signify mastery: a failing student may know the material but not complete homework assignments, and a passing student may turn in all homework but still not understand the material. | Many possible forms of communicating achievements: * Teachers may be required to write personalized narrative evaluations about student achievement and abilities. Under standards-based education, a government agency may require all students to pass a test; students who fail to perform adequately on the test may not be promoted. | Expectations| Students will graduate with different grades. Some students will fail due to poor performance based on a lack of understanding or incomplete assignments. | All students need to achieve a basic level of education, even if this mean s spending extra years in school. | Grade inflation/deflation| Achievement based on performance compared to a reasonably stable, probably informal standard which is highly similar to what previous students experienced. The value of any given mark is often hard to standardize in alternative grading schemes. Comparison of students in different classes may be difficult or impossible. | Subject Areas Topic| Traditional approach| Alternate approaches| Mathematics| Traditional mathematics: * Emphasis is on memorization of basic facts such as the multiplication table and mastering step-by-step arithmetic algorithms by studying examples and much practice. * One correct answer is sought, using one standard method. * Mathematics after elementary grades is tracked with different students covering different levels of material. Mathematics is taught as its own discipline without emphasis on social, political or global issues. There may be some emphasis on practical applications in science and te chnology. | * Curriculum de-emphasizes procedural knowledge drills in favor of technology (calculators, computers) and an emphasis on conceptual understanding. * Lessons may include more exploratory material supportive of conceptual understanding, rather than direct presentation of facts and methods. * Emphasis may be on practical applications and greater issues such as the environment, gender and racial diversity, and social justice. Mathematics lessons may include writing, drawing, games, and instruction with manipulatives rather than filling out worksheets. [5] * Lessons may include exploration of concepts allowing students to invent their own procedures before teaching standard algorithms. * Grading may be based on demonstration of conceptual understanding rather than entirely on whether the final answer is correct. * In some countries (e. g. the United States), there may be expectations of high achievement and mastering algebra for all students rather than tracking some student s into business math and others into mathematics for math and science careers. Science| Fact-based science: Science class is an opportunity to transmit concrete knowledge and specific vocabulary from the teacher (or textbook) to the students. Students focus on memorizing what they are told. Experiments follow cookbook-style procedures to produce the expected results. | With Inquiry-based Science a student might be asked to devise an experiment to demonstrate that the earth orbits the sun. The emphasis changes from memorizing information that was learned through a scientific method to actually using the scientific method of discovery. Language learning| Phonics: The focus is on explicit training in sound to letter correspondence rules and the mechanics of decoding individual words. Students initially focus on phonics subskills and reading simplified decodable texts. When they have mastered a sufficient number of rules, they are allowed to read freely and extensively. (In many languag es, such as French, Spanish and Greek, phonics is taught in the context of reading simple open syllables. )| With whole language the child is exposed to rich, relevant language that can heighten motivation to read. Learning to read is assumed to be as natural as learning to speak, so students are not formally taught sound to letter correspondences, but assumed to infer them on their own. (Note that this issue is limited to languages such as English and French with complex phonetics and spelling rules. Instruction in countries with languages such as Spanish and Greek, which have relatively simple phonetic spelling, still depends mainly on phonics. )| Criticism of the concept of teaching in traditional education Traditional education focuses on teaching, not learning. It incorrectly assumes that for every ounce of teaching there is an ounce of learning by those who are taught. However, most of what we learn before, during, and after attending schools is learned without it being taught to us. A child learns such fundamental things as how to walk, talk, eat, dress, and so on without being taught these things. Adults learn most of what they use at work or at leisure while at work or leisure. Critics argue that most of what is taught in classroom settings is forgotten, and much of what is remembered is irrelevant.

Half Essay Example For Students

Half Essay BrainedYour brain has two sides. And each has a distinctly different way oflooking at the world. Do you realize that in order for you to read this article,the two sides of your brain must do completely different things? The more weintegrate those two sides, the more integrated we become as people. Integrationnot only increases our ability to solve problems more creatively, but to controlphysical maladies such as epilepsy and migranes, replace certain damaged brainfunctions and even learn to thin into the future. Even morestartling is evidence coming to light that we have become a left-brain culture. Your brains right and left side have distinctly different ways of looking atthe world. Your two hemispheres are as different from each other as, oh, MichealWilson and Shirley Maclean. The left brain controls the right side of the body(this is reversed in about half of the 15 percent of the population that isleft-handed) and, in essence, is logical analytical, judgemental and verbal. Its interested in the bottom line, in being efficent. The right brain controlsthe left side of the body and leans more to the creative, the intuitive. It isconcerned more with the visual and emotional side of life. Most people, if theythought about it, would identify more with their left brain. In fact, many of usthink we are our left brains. All of that non-stop verbalization that goes on inour heads is the dominant left brain talking to itself. Our culture-particularly our school system with its emphasis on the three Rs (decidedlyleft-brain territory) effectively represses the intuitive and artistic rightbrain. If you dont believe it, see how far you get at the office with the rightbrain activity of daydreaming. As you read, your left-side is sensibly makingconnections and analysing the meaning of the words, the syntax and other complexrelation- ships while putting it into a language you can understand. Meanwhile, the right side is providing emotional and even humerous cues,decoding visual information and maintaining an integrated story structure. Whileall of this is going on, the two sides are constantly communicating with eachother across a connecting fibre tract called the corpus callosum. There is acertain amount of overlap but essentially the two hemispheres of the brain arelike two different personalities that working alone would be somewhat lackingand overspecialized, but when functioning together bring different strengths andareas of expertise to make an integrated whole. The primitive cave personprobably lived solely in the right brain, says Eli Bay, president ofRelaxation Response Inc., a Toronto organization that teaches people how torelax. As we gained more control over our environment we became moreleft-brain oriented until it became dominant. To prove this, Bay suggests:Try going to your boss and saying Ive got a great hunch.Chances are your boss will say, Fine, get me the logic to back itup. The most creative decision making and problem solving come about whenboth sides bring their various skills to the table: the left brain analysingissues, problems and barriers; the right brain generating fresh approaches; andthe left brain translating the into plans of action. In a time of vastchange like the present, the intuitive side of the brain operates so fast it cansee whats coming, says Dr. Howard Eisenberg, a medical doctor with adegree in psychology who has studied hemispheric relationships. The leftbrain is too slow, but the right can see around corners. Dr. Eisenbergthinks that the preoccupation with the plodding left brain is one reason for theanalysis paralysis he sees affecting world leaders. Good leaders dontlead by reading polls, he says. They have vision and operate to acertain extent by feel. There are ways of correcting out culturaloverbalance. Playing video games, for example, automatically flips you over tothe right brain Bay says. Any a rtistic endavour, like music or sculpture,will also do it. In her best-selling book Drawing on the Right Sideof the Brain (J.P. Tarcher Inc., 1979), Dr. Betty Edwards developed a series ofexercises designed to help people tap into the right brain, to actually see orprocess visual information, differently. She cites techniques that are as old astime, and modern high-tech versions such as biofeedback. An increasing number ofmedical professionals beieve that being in touch with our brain, especially theright half, can help control medical problems. For examplem Dr. Eisenberg useswhat he calls imaginal thinking to control everything from migranesto asthma, to high blood pressure. We have found, he says,that by teaching someone to raise to raise their temperature by imagingthey are sunbathing or in a warm bath they can control their circulatorysystem and terefore the migrane. Knowledge of our two-sided brain began inthe mid-1800s when French neurologist Paul Broca discovered that injur ies tothe left side of the brain resulted in the loss of speech. Damage to the rightside, however did not. Doctors speculated over what this meant. Was the brainschizophrenically divided and non-communicative? In the early 1960s, Nobel Prizewinner Dr. Roger Sperry proved that patients who had their corpus callosumsevered to try and control epileptic seizures could no longer communicatebetween their hemispheres. The struggle can be seen quite clearly in thepostoperative period whe the patient is asked to do a simple block design. Thisis a visual, spacial task that the left-hand (controlled by the right brain inmost of us) can do very well but the right hand (controlled by thelanguage-oriented left brain) does poorly. The right hand may even intervene tomix up the design. Some people with epilepsy can control their seizures byconcentrating activity on the hemisphere that is not affected. In the case ofleft lobe epilepsy, this can be done by engaging in a right-brain activity suchas dr awing. One intriguing question is why we have two hemispheres at all?In biology you always have the same thing on one side as the other ears,lungs, eyes, kidneys, etc. explains Dr. Patricia De Feudis, director ofpsychology at Credit Valley Hospital in Mississauga, Ont. But with thebrain there is more specialization. You can have something going on one side andnot not be aware of it in the other. Our knowledge of the brain is generalis only beginning. We know even less about how the hemispheres operate, Gettingin touch with how the two sides work can only do us good, if just to keep usfrom walking around half-brained.

Marketing Mangement 21st Century Essay Example

Marketing Mangement 21st Century Essay Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Tutored by : Prof. Sunil D’ Anto Session Agenda †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Importance of marketing Marketing Defined The scope of marketing Tasks of a successful marketing practice Fundamental Marketing Concepts Tools of Marketing Marketplace Orientations How has marketing management changed? Marketing’s Responses to New Challenges Importance of marketing (why are we learning it? ) †¢ †¢ †¢ Press notes communicating marketing triumphs Profound articles on marketing strategies tactics The creation of CMOs Marketing is required to build strong brands a loyal customer base which contribute majorly to the firm’s value †¢ Marketing assists the firm : – in deciding on the right product, price, promotion, communication delivery (place) – to redo business models, in the world of empowered customers highly competitive market place. The case of : the brands X erox Nirma What is Marketing ? too often confused and identified with selling, advertising or promotions only! †¢ Real marketing practices and theories are all too often invisible to the average consumer common man. Therefore, let us understand define marketing†¦ Defining Marketing Marketing is an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. the AMA Good Marketing is No AccidentCase of Tata Ace: The roaring success of fourwheeler Tata Ace, in a market earlier dominated by three-wheeler load carriers, was due to a deep understanding of the market needs and customer requirements. What is Marketed? (the market offering / the product) Goods Services Events Experiences Persons Places Properties Organizations Information Ideas Successful New Product launches require careful Planning Re-defining Market †¢ T raditionally, market a physical place. †¢ Economists describe a market as a collection of buyers and sellers who transact over a particular product or product class. Contemporarily: – Marketers use the term â€Å"market† to cover various groups of customers – Marketplaces/ Marketspaces – Metamarkets metamediaries Simple Marketing System Communication Industry (a collection of sellers) Goods/services Money Market (a collection of Buyers) Information Exchange Transactions †¢ Exchange defined †¢ Conditions for an exchange †¢ Up-gradation to a Transaction Structure of Flows in a Modern Exchange Economy Key Customer Markets Consumer Markets Global Markets Business Markets Nonprofit/ Government Markets Core Concepts of MarketingNeeds, Wants, and Demands * Segmentation ,Target markets, Positioning Product or Market Offering Brands Customer, Consumer, Client Value and Satisfaction Exchange and Transactions Relationships and Networks Market ing Channels Supply Chain Competition Marketing Environment * Assignment 1 (a) States of Demand †¢ Eight demand states are possible: – Negative demand : consumers dislike the product and may even pay a price to avoid it. – Non-existent demand :consumers may be unaware or uninterested in the product. – Latent demand: consumers may share a strong need that cannot be satisfied by an existing product. Declining demand : consumers begin to buy the product less frequently or not at all. – Irregular demand: consumer purchases vary on a seasonal, monthly, daily, or even an hourly basis. – Full demand: consumers are adequately buying all product put into the marketplace. – Overfull demand: too many consumers would like to buy the product that can be satisfied. – Unwholesome demand: consumers may be attracted to products that have undesirable social consequences. Company Orientation Towards the Marketplace Production Concept Product Concep t Selling Concept Marketing ConceptConsumers prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive Consumers favor products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features Consumers will buy products only if the company aggressively promotes/sells these products Focuses on needs/ wants of target markets delivering value better than competitors Customer Delivered Value Starting point Factory Focus Existing products Means Selling and promotion Ends Profits through sales volume (a) The selling concept Market Customer needs Integrated marketing Profits through customer satisfaction (b) The marketing concept Holistic Marketing DimensionsPerformance Marketing The Four P’s Functions of CMOs †¢ Strengthening the brands †¢ Measuring marketing effectiveness †¢ Driving new product development based on customer needs †¢ Gathering meaningful customer insights †¢ Utilizing new marketing technology Improving CMO Success †¢ Make the mission and responsibilities clear †¢ Fit the role to the marketing culture and structure †¢ Ensure the CMO is compatible with the CEO †¢ Remember that show people don’t succeed †¢ Match the personality with the CMO type †¢ Make line managers marketing heroes †¢ Infiltrate the line organization †¢ Require right-brain and left-brain skillsMarketing Management Tasks †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Develop market strategies and plans Capture marketing insights Connect with customers Build strong brands Shape market offerings Deliver value (total C. Benefits – total C. Costs) Communicate value Create long-term growth Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role Finance Production Human resources Marketing Production Finance Human resources Marketing a. Marketing as an equal function b. Marketing as a more important function Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role (contd. ) Production Marketing Customer c. Marketing as the major function . The customer as the controlling factor Evolving Views of Marketing’s Role (contd) Production Marketing Customer e. The customer as the controlling function and marketing as the integrative function Understanding Marketing.. The aim of marketing is to make selling superfluous. The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well that the product fits him and sells itself. Ideally, marketing should result in a customer who is ready to buy. All that should be needed is to make the product or service available. † Peter Drucker

Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf essays

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf essays Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolfe is far and away one of the most personal plays that I have ever been to. This play seemed to hit on all aspects of life in the 60s, materialism, plastic appearances and an abundance of alcohol to help bring about the true nature of the characters. The most amazing thing about Albees play was the fact that it seemed to describe human nature to a tee. The differences between 1962 and 2001 are huge, we have basically created new lifestyles for ourselves, but this play proves once again that human nature never becomes outdated. Albee hits on several aspects of the way we project ourselves as couples in social situations, George and Martha probably seemed like a perfectly happy couple on the outside to all the other faculty members who attended the party but once they were in private their image is projected in a whole new light. In a time when divorce was not nearly as prevalent as it is today this was probably a fairly common scene for the middle class of the time. Couples stayed together because that is what society condoned, breakups in marriage were scorned and high position families and couples stayed together for the sake of their careers no matter what kind of difficulties they experienced with each other. One of the major points made in this play was the fact that George just was not living up to Marthas expectations he wasnt the head of the History department even though he had been there for a very long time, this failure was present throughout the entire play suggesting that it was a major issue with the couple that was causing many problems. This lack of success on Georges part was also evident from the way he treated the young and upcoming Biology professor Nick, his apparent contempt seemed to stem from the fact that Nick had a better shot at becoming what George never could be. Marthas obsession with Georges career seemed to disappo...

Group Media Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Media Assignment - Essay Example As a result, the oil and gasoline prices have plunged down significantly. The focus of the world has been on the United States since it is providing half of the total reserves that are to be released and the US government too has been proactive in justifying its decision; proclaiming that the move was not based on any political motives. Though this decision has faced a great deal of criticism from all corners, the US believes that the release would help in lessening the gap between demand and supply of oil. The article is very appositely related to the concepts of Demand and Supply. Before the political explosion in Libya, the supply and demand of crude oil were relatively stable and a reasonable equilibrium existed between price and quantity, but as soon as the oil production in Libya cut down, the supply fell tremendously, whereas the demand remained almost unchanged. This led to a higher equilibrium price and lower quantity. Now, with oil being released by US and its allies, the s upply would rise to counter the demand. The current decline in oil prices is its confirmation. The reduction in the supply of crude oil from Libya can also be understood in terms of the effects of one of the Supply determinants, namely Number of Suppliers. Since the number of crude oil suppliers in the world are limited, so when Libya, which is one of the major suppliers, departed from the scene, the supply automatically plummeted. Moreover, the demand remained unchanged due to an important Demand determinant, namely Price of Related of Goods. Since, crude oil has numerous complements whereas nearly no substitutes its demand never fell. (400 words) China Investigates Pricing by 2 Broadband Companies The article ‘China Investigates Pricing by 2 Broadband Companies’ by Barboza (2011) published in the New York Times reports about the monopolistic behavior of two of the largest government owned telecommunication firms, China Telecom and China Unicom. With regular grievances from customers that the two companies overcharge them and deliver comparatively low speeds for Broadband Internet, the National Development and Reform Commission has decided to examine whether the companies have violated the Antimonopoly Law. Analysts believe that this enquiry has come about mainly due to consumer pressure because in China, the state has always supported oligopolies with little contest and huge profits. Li Qing who works as the deputy director of the bureau of price monitoring and antimonopolization at the National Development and Reform Commission reported the fact that combined revenues of Telecom and Unicom were $10 billion in 2010 and greater than 66% of the market share belonged to the two giants. Zhang Bin, a telecommunication expert provides a different view, saying that the government did try to create competition in the industry among a few major firms; however, the outcome was not as expected and the oligopoly continues to thrive. The article pertinently relates to the concept of oligopoly. Since there are only two companies, Telecom and Unicom, involved in the oligopoly, hence, it can also be called a duopoly. These two giant telecommunication companies satisfy all the characteristics of an

Financial Accouting Theory coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Accouting Theory coursework - Essay Example permits the accounting treat of investments in joint ventures in either of two methods, namely, the proportionate consolidation method or the equity method. It is matter of great controversy and discussion as which method is most suitable for venturer to recognize its joint venture interest in its financial statements. An effort has been made in this write up to suggest the most suitable method of accounting for the venturer. For applying proportionate consolidation method the consolidated financial statements of jointly controlled entity are used. The consolidated balance sheet of the venturer includes its share of assets that it controls jointly as well its share of liabilities for which it is jointly responsible. Similarly, the profit and loss account of the venturer includes its shares of income and expenses of the jointly controlled entity. First, Share in each asset, liability, income, and expenses of the venturer into the joint venture statements may be shown as separate line item under the asset, liability, income, and expenditure of similar nomenclature in the consolidated financial statements of the venturer, or the second, where the venturer may combine its share in each asset, liability, income, and expenditure into joint venture financial statement with asset, liability, income, and expenditure of similar nomenclature in the consolidated statements of venturer. Under equity method initially the investment into the joint venture is recoded at cost. The venturer will recognize its share of joint venture income as an increase in investment and a corresponding increase in the net income. Share of income or part of investments actually withdrawn or taken from joint venture business is not shown as income by the venturer in its statements. Instead those are reported as reduction in the joint venture investment account. Market values of the investments into the joint venture are not considered. The transactions are recorded at cost only. When an

Israeli military calculations towards iran Essay

Israeli military calculations towards iran - Essay Example Iran is also perceived by Israel to be offensive as it supports militant and terrorist groups that oppose Israel rule and existence. These groups are given financial help and military training and they include Palestine Islamic jihad and Hezbollah which threatens the security of Israel. The outrageous statements uttered by Iranian leaders and which are supported by the neighboring Arab countries clearly indicate that Iran is committed to ensuring that the state of Israel faces many problems ranging from terrorism to destruction of the whole nation. For example, Ahmedinejaad the president of Iran has denied holocaust and has threatened to wipe Israel from the map and has characterized Israel as an artificial state whose end is near. This verbal attacks are meant to enhance the primacy of Iran has a powerful country in the region, something Israel considers to be a threat to its security. Meanwhile in Israel the government is under pressure with how it is handling the terrorist groups, their continuous firing of rockets toward Israel and how the events are related to Iran’s outbursts. This pressure is revealed in the Sunday times newspaper which says that Israel has been preparing to attack Iran’s nuclear sites using nuclear weapons because the sites are heavily protected by thick rocks. To make sure that this happens, Israel president has appointed right wing politicians for example Lieberman and Effie Eitem who believe that all Israel enemies have to be subdued. However, USA the main ally of Israel has given mixed issue to Iranian issued.USA asserts that it will not allow Iran to have nuclear weapons but the chances of giving such approval are not there at the moment. USA is ready to strike Iran as long as there is believable intelligence evidence that it has weaponized its uranium programs. Attacking Iranian nuclear require complex planning because most targets are far

The Industrialisation And Globalisation Of The World Economy

The Industrialisation And Globalisation Of The World Economy Due to the industrialisation and globalisation the worlds economy became as a single market where the business can be done across the world this made edge to edge competition among the organisations. Due to the huge competition and necessity to expand globally made the organisations to make them self strong and specialised by concentrating on external and internal aspects like recruiting highly skilled employees, giving advanced training to employees, introducing advanced technologies etc. and changing their dimensions according to the changes of the worlds markets. Employees are very important to an organisation. The success of an organisation depends on the skills and ability its human resources. Human resources are the major/ important determinant of the company performance over the long term (Ronald R.Sims, 2002, p.1). My company value is zero (0) from 6 pm to 9 am because there will be no employee (Narayana murthy, CEO ). According to Budhwar and Debrah(1984) in an organisation human resource is the easiest resource which can manage easily and same way human resources are the toughest resources to manage. According to Grandhi Malikarujna rao (2008) if u manage, utilize and control the human resources of an organisation then 90% of the organisation is succeed. About company: Vodafone is the first UKs mobile company which made call at past midnight on 1st January 1985. 1/3 of the new customers are connecting to Vodafone. In 1982 the Recal Telecomms (Division of Recal Electronics group) renamed as Vodafone having less than 50 employees in one building. Now it is operating in 27 countries across 5 Continents, 186.8 million customers and 33 partner networks. Sir John Bond is Chairman and Vittorio Colao is Chief Executive of Vodafone. (Home page, History, Meet the Board) Vision: The long term goal of the company is to be a leader in mobile communication by enriching customers lives, helping people, business and communities across the globe to get connected. Team Building: This is a fairly general term that is used in a number of different ways. It can cover either what you are trying to achieve or how you are trying to achieve it or both! The following cover most of the options: Team building is developing working relationships. Team building is improving the performance of the team. Team building is outdoor activities that challenge the individuals within the team. Team building is about improving motivation, communication, support and trust within a team. A Team-wise team building event will be is great fun however they have been developed with several aims in mind: Working relationships will be developed People have to work together and by doing so colleagues will develop more effective working relationships with team members who are new to the team and with team members who have been part of the team for some time. Shared positive experience The whole day is very memorable, team members will be talking about it for the rest of the year. As such colleagues will share a positive and memorable experience which further develops bonds. Strengths and talents Everyone gets fully involved in the day and their are lots of different roles so team workers will see their colleagues in a whole new light and will have a greater understanding of their strengths and talents. Teamwork Everything during the team building day clearly requires teamwork and as such team members will leave with a greater awareness of how teams work and how to make them work better. Reward Staff enjoy the day and feel that the company cares about them. According to Brill (1976, p.10) that work which is done by a group of people who possess individual expertise, who are responsible for making individual decisions, who hold a common purpose and who meet together to communicate, share and consolidate knowledge from which plans are made, future decisions are influenced, and actions determined. According to Cannon-bowers A team is set of two or more individuals who interact interdependently and adoptively toward a common goal or objective. In addition, team members have specific roles or functions and the span of memberships is limited Vodafone employees spread in different locations has to interact in a multicultural environment with employees from diverse cultural and geographical backgrounds employee training from the core part of facilitating process of living the employees to a common organisational culture. Stages of Team Building: Forming: When a new team forms, the team members are new they dont know with each, they dont know the tasks what to do, what are punishments and rewards if the tasks are performed and not performed so the team leader should arrange the meeting (group meeting) and make clear about the goal of forming team, individual tasks, rules and regulations, rewards and punishments. Storming: If any problems arise in the team, the leader should bring all the members together by dialogues and make them to work towards the goal and objectives of the group forming. This the crucial part which effects the team performance if the team members does not have proper co-operation then the team leader should arrange meeting(group meeting) as early as possible and make the team perform well. Norming: In this stage team leader reduces his tasks himself and encourages the team members to take over load ( more tasks). He spends more time individually with each member and reviews their performances and motivates them to achieve the goals. Performing: Team leader should make the team members to perform well in order to achieve goal. Team leader should encourage the team members to complete their individual tasks within the time. Adjourning: This is the lost stage where the performance of the team and individual is analyzed, rewarding for the best performers in team and splitting/ separating the team officially. Learning and development in Vodafone: Learning and development is centred on quality excellence and efficiency. The main focus area is to develop the existing human capital (human resources) in line with the ever changing face of the industry and make the employees a more stable and most motivated work force with more opportunities for growth and development within the company using the latest development in learning technology. The company recognises the importance of on the job learning obtain through different assignments which are Taylor made to suit interest and provide an opportunity to develop the skills for preparing them for new roles with in Vodafone. Interaction with group in Vodafone: The annual people survey where the employees interact formally through performance dialogues with line managers from the bases employee engagement programs in Vodafone. The relationship between employee feedback and informal performance is co-related .the focus is on improving situations where employees are performing poorly. One of the main concerns is to use feedback strategies that improve the areas of poor performance and to evaluate negative feedback received by the company. This involves processing the feedback between the employee and the supervisor and identifies areas of improvement .From the employee perspective the process is motivated to maintain a positive self esteem for the supervisor and rooted in the reluctance to give any negative feedback (James .R. Larson, JR 1969). The various initiatives are targeted at improving informal and formal communication in the company. As part of working in the group people Work as a group through team meetings and interaction with group managers. All employees interact with others using the internet site using it for formal engagements and through online discussions and engagements as well as through blogs and wikis .online team rooms facilitate information transfer with subsidiaries with email news bulletin and Internal TV Channel. Conflict management Organizational managers do not view management conflict as strategic as managing information ,but this is changing gradually and the current view is to manage information and human resource and align it with financial systems .normally the conflict management is dealt with on two fronts ,one is emotional and one is strategic were it is aligned with the total business goals of the company .relationship conflict is concerned with the idea of addressing interpersonal incompatibilities and involves reducing tension within the group and solving personal issues and settling annoyance and frustration which can act as negative factors in a company s growth. A company like Vodafone with several subsidiaries should have a centralises system in conflict management and should be treated as a strategic issue rather than one which is solved emotionally and out of the book. This can go a long way in creating a congenial environment for emotional and intellectual growth. Internal communication within the group Every organization looks out for effective means to communicate within the group and the key to success lies in effective communication within the organization. A change in management can distort communication channels within the organization. The example of this can be seen in the takeover of Hutchison Essar in March 2007. The sudden change in management has displaced communication channels in its Indian subsidiary. The solution was not to distort the existing in the newly acquired company. The model the company adopted has similarities to the research paper published by (Tony Proctor 2003) Leadership within Vodafone Organizational culture has to age and has progressed to be critical in defining the work culture in the company .unbiased approach and fairness has to be key aspects that govern the policy in an organization. Large organizations like Vodafone face coordination problems in different levels in the organization. The three core areas were management in contemporary organizations face problems are the issues related to transformational management .the leadership has to facilitate the performance of collective tasking in the organization. Some research like (Garry Yuki 2002) suggests that managing and leadership should be treated separately .in publically listed companies there is an increased influence to satisfy the expectations of stakeholders. The contemporary roles of leaders have change, long gone are the notions of military leaders who use to win battles .the current role of leaders have changed and the ability of managers is there ability to turnaround failing organizations into successfully managed profitable ventures. The contemporary example can be the turnaround of automobile Giant Chrysler Corporation under the charismatic leadership of Lee Iacocca (Fried .E.Feidler 1996). For an organization like Vodafone there has to be synergy of various styles of leadership like: Emergent leadership The behavior of persons within the group and their ability to perform as a group is crucial in defining successful process of building leaders in the organization. Knowledge acquisition by first line managers is equally important and much research has successfully established it helps to lever ones core competencies and achieve competitive advantages. There is another factor which surrounds this which says about the co-relation of leadership and job satisfaction. (John .D.Politics 2001). An emergent leader is mostly situational and does not possess any serious traits of a leader. The ability to accomplish goals within a specified time defines the Emergent leaders. There are mostly selected out of intuitions rather than any pre planned strategy. The other theory is centred on effectiveness where effective is measures by conducted assessment of previous work and similarities between suitable traits and the leader is analyzed. The assessment even though is formally assessed is not fully standardized and uniform, which therefore can have variations is implementation. The core centre of this theory is that it is centred around the concept that those who are socially adept and bright are more set to be prospective leaders in the future. Succession management policy Vodafone a global company were succession planning has to be carried out at different levels. And it has to be relevant and engineered to suit. The most important aspect is to cater to the gap between the is planned and what is achieved. The focus should be on how leaders can be relevant and reengineered to remain relevant and make it suitable to suit the organization. The changing expectations of the society and accelerated changes in business leadership .the workplace is becoming increasingly diverse and every effort has to made to see that women ,minorities ,ethnicities has to be taken care of in the Global context. Coclusion:   Books Naomi I. Brill (1976). Teamwork: working together in the Human Services. Toronto: Lippincott. P5-11. Ronald R. Sims (2002)Organizational success through effective human resources management. p1-5. Pawan S.Budhwar and Yaw.Debrah (1984). Human Resource Management in Developing Countries. 3rd ed. Londan: Routledge. Articles Janis A. Cannon-Bowers and Eduardo Salas . (1998). Team Performance and Training in Complex Environments: Recent Findings from Applied Research. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Current Directions in Psychological Science. 7 (3), 83-87. Osama Abudayyeh. (1994). Partnering: A Team Building Approach to Quality Construction Management. Journal of Management in Engineering. 10 (6), p26-29. (Source: http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?9404719) News Papers Interview with Narayanamurthy (Founder of Infosys)by eenadu Business Desk. http://www.eenadu.net/newarchive.asp Interview with Grandhi Malikarjuna Rao (Chairman of GMR Group)by eenadu Business Desk. http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-24-1-2010/buisnesshead.asp?myqry=9HYPERLINK http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-24-1-2010/buisnesshead.asp?myqry=9reccount=11HYPERLINK http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-24-1-2010/buisnesshead.asp?myqry=9reccount=11reccount=11 websites http://www.team-wise.co.uk/defintion_of_team_building.htm accessed on 4/3/2010

Winston Churchill :: essays research papers

Those eleven burning words summed up the nature of Britain's war, turned Britain's back on the weaknesses of the past, set her face toward the unknown future. Because of them the rest of that speech has been forgotten. It should not be forgotten, for it is not only a great example of Winston Churchill's eloquence, but the epitome of the movement which he leads. After a brief report on the formation of his Government, Winston Churchill said: "You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air--war with all our might and with all the strength God has given us--and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. "You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word. It is victory. Victory at all costs. Victory in spite of all terrors. Victory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival. "Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forward toward his goal." December 31, 1940, was not only the end of a year; it was the end of a decade--the most terrifying of the 20th Century. The decade which ended in 1920 had seen a war that was to prove inconclusive. It had seen a revolution that was to lie quiescent after establishing itself in the largest country of the world. The decade which ended in 1930 was one of confusion and wasted energy--the wasted energy of gambling and gin-drinking in the U.S., of civil war in the Far East, of misdirected revolutionary effort from the U.S.S.R., of the attempt in Europe to hold resurgent peoples in check. The decade which ended this week saw the failure of that attempt and the unleashing of ruthless war. It saw the Far East's battle of warlords turn into a war for the supremacy of one people. It saw the U.S. turn to a feverish effort to protect itself and its neighbors. It saw, in the Battle of Britain, the life-&-death struggle of the greatest empire the world has ever known. The Candidates of 1940. No artist, no athlete, no scientist, only a man whose place was on the stage of world politics, could be Man of 1940--last and stormiest year of a stormy decade.

Discipline and Improve Students Behaviour in Classroom Education Essay

The problem of how best to discipline and improve students’ behaviour in classroom is of permanent interest. This review is oriented to searching different methodologies concerning students’ behaviour in classrooms, teachers’ discipline strategies and behavioural management. Different points of view and different examples for appropriate behaviour have been discussed referring to the topic. The sources reviewed present different solutions. This paper examines also the classroom environment and its relation to successful behaviour implementation. The first paragraphs give different definitions conversant with behaviour and discipline according to the authors’ view. The continuation of the literature review is presented by different approaches and strategies concerning a good behavioural management. This elaboration sets out some of the arguments and recommendations which are discussed in more detail. Charles C. M. submits several definitions corresponding to behaviour: Behaviour refers to everything that people do. Misbehaviour is behaviour that is not appropriate to the setting or situation in which it occurs. Discipline†¦ are strategies, procedures, and structures that teachers use to support a positive learning environment. Behaviour management is a science that puts an accent on what teachers have to do to prevent misbehaviour (Charles 1). Students’ behaviour depends on several factors such as traditions, demographic settings, economic resources, family, experiences, and more. Some authors have made important contributions in managing classroom discipline related the twentieth century. Jacob Kounin (1971), one of them, reports that appropriate student behaviour can be maintained through classroom organization, lesson management, and approach to individual students. Rudolf Dreikurs (1972) on the other hand emphasizes the desire to belong as a primary need of students in school. He identifies types of misbehaviour and gives ideas about how to make students feel a part of the class or group (p. 63). William Glasser (1986) shows another view, making a case that the behaviour of someone else cannot be controlled. He reckons that everybody can only control his own behaviour. Personally I support this idea that we must control ourselves. According to the opinion of the other authors, Linda Albert’s, Barbara Coloroso’s, Nelson and Lott’s a good discipline in the classroom can be achieved through Belonging, Cooperation, and Self-Control. A similar idea of classroom management is also presented by Rackel C. F who declares that the teachers, considered it was necessary, â€Å"to develop students’ sense of belonging to the school† (p. 1071) The author supports the opinion of the significance of a good school climate and tells that it might be precondition for facilitating positive youth development (Rackel C. F 1071). In order to attain to a good classroom atmosphere there is a need of growing positive relationship between students and teachers, motivation the students’ participation and clear rules to control classroom discipline (Rackel C. F 1072). In addition these above-mentioned views can be defined as a positive outlook as regards to improving the classroom management. Another point of view inside the subject of managing discipline is through active student involvement and through pragmatic Classroom management (Charles, C. M. 2007, p. 7). Discipline through raising student responsibility is also positively oriented approach for classroom management. The three principles that improve behaviour presented in the article â€Å"Self-assessment of understanding† are positivity, choice, and reflection (Charles, C. M. 12). There the author explains the principles meaning. He states that being positive means being a motivator. When students have opportunity to share their choices they can present themselves with a good behaviour. â€Å"Asking students questions that encourage them to reflect on their behaviour can help them to change behaviour† (Charles 14). Rebecca Giallo and Emma Little (2003, p. 22) from RMIT University Australia give their comments also on classroom behaviour management. They claim that confidence is one of the most important characteristic that influence teachers’ effectiveness in classroom management. Giallo and Little (2003, 22) based on the previous statement of Evans & Tribble accept that less confident teachers seem more vulnerable to stressful classrooms. They maintain the theory that the classroom stress is a reason for giving up a teacher’s career. In school the stress can be overcome through involving of drastic measures concerning managing a good discipline. One of the most popular strategy for solving behaviour problems is punishment. By reason of the popularity of the subject in the field of education, many experts have written articles and books as well as given lectures on discipline and punishment. Anne Catey based on Dreikur’s words considers that there is no need of using punishment in class. Based on Catey’s words kids need to have a chance they can share their ideas in the class (1). This is the best way to â€Å"smooth, productive functioning in schools† (Charles, C. M, 1999). Anne Catey from Cumberland High School gets an interview from several teachers in Illinois district about their discipline practices. She accepts the suggestion given by Lawrence as mentioning that, â€Å"very effective technique is a brief conference, either in the hallway or after class, with the misbehaving student† (Punishment, 1). Anne Catey has her own techniques for classroom management. She disagrees with Lawrence viewing about humour as one of the bad strategies for effective discipline and believes that using of humour can be effective if done without abasing the students (Punishment, 1). In this way she gives each one a bit of individual attention. When some of her students are a bit distracted on one task, talking to friends instead of reading Catey says, â€Å"Since I always assume the best of my students, I assume the noise I hear is students reading aloud or discussing their novels. However, it’s time to read silently now instead of reading aloud† (Punishment, 1). This sounds as a good strategy but personally I disclaim this thesis. This doesn’t work all the time. I am trying to be strict with my students and according to this the pupils have to observe the rules in my classes. That doesn’t mean that I admit the severe punishment but rarely the stern warnings. I agree with the following techniques used by Anne Catey (2001) to modify behaviour including giving â€Å"zeroes for incomplete, inappropriate, and/or missing work and taking points off at the end of a quarter for lack of participation and/or poor listening†. As expected, these methods are effective for some of the pupils but not for the others. Related to the above-mentioned topic it could be noticed some of the classroom discipline strategies utilized in Australia, China and Israel. On the basis of elaborated research in these countries some psychologists and school principals (Xing Qui, Shlomo Romi, 2005) conclude that Chinese teachers appear less punitive and aggressive than do those in Israel or Australia. Australian classrooms are presented as having least discussion and recognition and most punishment. In Australia (Lewis, 2005) as concerned to the study the teachers are characterized by two distinct discipline styles. The first of these is called â€Å"Coercive† discipline and comprises punishment and aggression (yelling in anger, sarcasm group punishments,  etc). The second style, comprising discussion, hints, recognition, involvement and Punishment, is called â€Å"Relationship based discipline† (Lewis 7). Coercive discipline according to the above-mentioned authors means the teacher’s behaviour is such as â€Å"shouting all the time, unfairly blaming students, picking on kids, and being rude, to stimulate student resistance and subsequent misbehaviour† (Lewis, Ramon 2). The importance of classroom discipline arises not only from students’ behaviour and learning as outlined above. It depends also on the role of the teacher. Sometimes it is obvious that teachers are not be able to manage students’ classroom discipline and it can result in stress. So,â€Å"classroom discipline is a cohesion of teacher stress† (Lewis 3). Chan (1998), reports on the stressors of over 400 teachers in Hong Kong, claims that student behaviour management rates as the second most significant factor stressing teachers. In the article Teachers’ Classroom discipline several strategies have been presented for improving classroom management. They are Punishing (move students’ seats, detention), Rewarding (rewards, praises), Involvement in decision-making (decides with the class what should happen to students who misbehave), Hinting, Discussion and Aggression. Another strategy for improving discipline in class is conducting questionnaires between the students. It is an appropriate approach for defining students’ opinion about behaviour problems. In each Chinese and Israeli school a random sample of classes at all year levels have been selected. As a research assistant administered questionnaires to these classes their teachers completed their questionnaires (Yakov J. Katz 7). In comparison to all of the mentioned countries the model in China is a little different in that students support use of all strategies except Aggression and Punishment. Based on the conducted research the only strategy to range within a country by more than 2 ranks is Punishment, which ranks as the most common strategy in Australia, and the fourth and fifth most commonly used strategy in Israel and China. The author, Xing Qui generalises that, â€Å"there is not more Punishment at the level 7-12. â€Å"Classroom discipline techniques showed that students in China, compared to those in Australia or Israel, report less usage of Punishment and Aggression and greater use of Discussion and the other positive strategies. At the end of their article â€Å"Teachers’ classroom discipline and Student Misbehaviour in Australia, China and Israel â€Å"(p. 14) the authors recommend that teachers need to work harder to gain quality relationships with difficult students. What I have drawn from reviewing literature so far is that teachers are able to use different techniques for enhancing classroom management in their profession. After making a thorough survey on the above-mentioned issue I would like calmly to express my position. It is harder for the teacher to keep the student focused on any frontal instruction. That’s why as with all classroom management practices, the teachers should adapt what they like to their classroom, taking into consideration the age, ethnicity, and personality of the class as a group, and of them as teachers. Much of the disruptive behaviour in the classroom can be alleviated before they become serious discipline problems. Such behaviours can be reduced by the teacher’s ability to employ effective organizational practices. These skills are individual for each teacher. The lecturer should become familiar with school policies concerning acceptable student behaviour and disciplinary procedures. Establishing rules to guide the behaviour of students is also important. Once these standards are set up the teachers have to stick to them. I agree with the authors who prefer involving the positive approach in behaviour management. But I also accept that some situations are more complicated than the others and in this case the teachers must take drastic measures against inappropriate students’ behaviour.

Debroah Tanne Book review essays

Debroah Tanne Book review essays Deborah Tannens book, The Argument Culture is full of many arguments, some more intriguing then others. In this book, she tackles everything from politics to the Internet, and everything in between. I was especially taken by the gender issues that she addressed. Such issues were approached in nearly every chapter, it did not seem to matter what the topic was; she always managed to bring the battle of the sexes into it somehow. One chapter was dedicated strictly to this very topic: Chapter 6, entitled Boys Will Be Boys: Gender and Opposition, was among my favorite parts of the book. She really tackles the differences between boys and girls, which start at a very young age. I was awe-struck by the examples she uses of very small children who already are playing the gender specific roles which society has assigned to them. Children learn very quickly what is expected from them and how they are supposed to act. Very young boys know that they should not play with dolls just as little girls do not want to play with trucks. The example about the blocks was especially intriguing, the way that boys just want to destroy and wreak havoc on each others creations, and girls keep the blocks so neat and orderly says a lot about our society. However, I am not so sure that this is always true. Boys are not always the rough, tough ones, while girls are prim and proper. Growing up, my mother babysat my male cousin while his mother was at work. Being two years younger then I and four years younger then my sister, he was very impressionable. He did play Barbies with us, and we played G.I Joes with him. As a result, Jim is not gay, he is just a well-rounded person, however, he learned at that young age to become extremely dependent on my sister and I. Jim is an only child, therefore, Beth and I were all he ever knew as siblings, as Jane and I grew apart, Jim and I grew closer. As children ...

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buy custom Web Search Engines essay Google has used the search engine optimization to rise up the ranks of internet preference. A research carried out in the recent past illustrated that more than 80% of world internet users prefer Google. Other internet search engines that have been in use include yahoo, bing, ask, msn. Aol, Lycos, AltaVista and alltheweb. The mentioned search engines have been in use at different times in history. Others have also shared the same historical timings. Technology has always been on the rise from one search engine to another (Bruce 276). While some early versions used manual data allocation, the present search engines have adopted fast transmission of information stored in data bases located in remote parts of the world. The history of search engines dates back in 1945 soon after the end of World War 2 (Trinkle 45). The world was in great need to consolidate and disseminate knowledge in different areas of discipline. The first step was the actual development of the knowledge followed by its dispensation. The pioneers of this concept emphasized on the need to specialize in various areas of study. Writers from all sides were called upon. The collected materials were however stored in the hard copy since computers had not advanced (Trinkle 49). Information was collected and placed in books. People could access information in the books. The present search engines actually work in the same principle. Information is collected and finally stored in data bases located in various servers. People can then locate the information remotely. Archie The earliest form of search engine dates back during the days of Archie. The word Archie was a short version of archive. The former means a storage facility that contains volumes of historical facts. Alan Emtage developed the Archie concept in 1990 while studying at McGill University. This University was located at Montreal in the United States of America. This initial program was meant to assist in accessing information stored in the servers. The process of accessing information was not so difficult then (Trinkle 216). It is also amazing that the files were stored randomly and so they were to be accessed in the same random manner. This random accessibility was only possible because very few files were in use during those days. The few files made it possible to access information in the random manner. Alan Emtage hoped that his product would solve the problem of internet accessibility at that time (Whitmore 74). He used the word Archie and not archives so as to conform to the Unix programming demands. Unix has always been known to use short forms of words. This is the international standard allowed for the UNIX programming (Whitmore 78). Alans invention made it easy to gather information into one place so as to be accessed on a later time. The gathered information was always collected from the then scholars. These were people who had great skill and knowledge in the specific areas. The information that was contributed could be accessed randomly through this Archie method (Whitmore 65). This was the first program to search through the internet for information that FPT had (Whitmore 29). Archie is not a search engine as such like others but it can search a list of files in the internet. When using Archie one has to know the file name that he is searching and then the program will in form you the type of FTP site that the information can be downloaded from the internet (Whitmore 67). File Transfer Protocol File transfer protocol is a type of file searching method that utilized a server side and a client side. This method is also widely known as FTP. Searching the internet was not there before the year around 1990 as there were few websites in place so FTP came in Handy. In regard to this search engine mechanism set up by Tim Lee, files and data are stored in one computer that would also be known as a server (Rognerud 132). The server is the computer in which data is stored. The computer operator then sets the server program to enable other people to access information stored. The persons who are willing to view the information have the obligation of installing a client program that shall enable them to communicate with the server computer. File transfer protocol can take place with or without internet and it used to be searched by word of mouth (Douglas 123). The present File transfer protocol has greatly advanced compared to what Lee developed. This client-server based system can today accommodate the transmission control protocol which uses the internet platform for its operations. The TCP mode brings on board many users and this therefore calls for user authentication mechanism (Rognerud 66). Various authentication methods have been introduced with time. The use of pass words is but one mode of authentication that is common in this present age. Yahoo Yahoo is the first well known and popular search engine that was developed in 1994. It was developed during the web cataloging period by Stanford undergraduates who were working on an Excite project (Andy 48). Another group of Ph.D. students David Filo and Jerry Yang, had some web pages posted in their favorite links, and that is how they came up with Yahoo a name for the pair in their innovations (Rognerud 87). The number of links started to grow hence a better organization of the data and hierarchical listing was developed, and with the pages becoming more accepted, a search page was necessitated and all links were joined together to make a directory (Edward 387). The developments made Yahoo to be the first search engine directory that was popular and easy for data retrieval. The links in the pages were not automatically updated but rather manually by spider or robot, and were further searched by the links developed hence it was not categorized as search engine (Marckini 156). The feature that they created was a simple data base engine, thus it was considered searchable directory. It provided for human compiled explanation in each of the URLs. The directory became so popular and they started charging the commercial sites that were included in the web (Marckini 165). It has automated some of its features lately to give it a distinction between a search engine and search directory by gathering and classifying some of its processes. Yahoo offers a user friendly interface and the ease of understanding the directories makes it to be one of the popular sites in the world of Web. The database is however, small due to the number of users indexing the files of everything that they view while on the sites. Moreover, Yahoo is more effective compared to Wandrer becau se they contain more added expressive information on indexed sites compared to the latter (Fisher 198). Yahoo bought Overture Services Inc, which had the Alta Vista and AlltheWeb search engines. In around 2003 Yahoo became a search engine by combining all its capabilities of the other search engines they had, to a single search engine. WebCrawler The first known full-text search engine is the WebCrawler that was developed at the University of Washington, as an Undergraduate seminar project in 1994 by Brian Pinkerton. The search engine added the accuracy in the web by indexing all the text in the web page compared to other search engines which indexed titles and URL pages only, and this resulted into some keywords not indexed (Marckini 83). This improved ranking relevancy in the producing of results. The search engine allowed users to view what they are searching while, at the same time they enter their queries, and one can able to stop keying and view the results (Handbook 465). The project generated a lot of traffic in the Universitys network system that it almost collapsed because of the popularity it had. The project was taken over by AOL which undertook it to be their network and develop it further. The WebCrawler was bought by Excite from AOL later, but the later still uses the search engine in their NetFind feature (Levene 164). Presently Home Corp owns both Excite and WebCrawler. To make searching in the web more organized, Excite was developed by Stanford undergraduate students, who brought the idea of statistical analysis of indexing in 1993. It was called Architext, and it involved conception based searching that was a hard procedure as it included using statistical word relations such as synonym; the result was getting results of missed keywords by other machines that had not been keyed by the user (Levene 79). The World Wide Web Worm, JumpStation, and Repository-Based Software Engineering (RBSE) spider were developed. The JumpStation retrieved information using a simple linear search from the information gathered on title and header on the Web pages. The WWW Worm had the titles and URLs indexed. The two search engines did list results with no discrimination in the order they found it. The ranking system was developed by the RSBE spider, by listing of results in relevancy to the keyed word (Hock 134). The search engines made it harder for the user to find what they were looking for in the web because they did not have link analysis capabilities. Lycos This search engine was named after the wolf spider, which is just like the way the wolf spider pursues its prey. It was developed in 1994 after the WebCrawler, at Carnegie Mellon University (Kent 63). Michale Mauldin, who is still with the University, is the chief scientist who was behind this type of search engine. Research shows that around 1997, Lycos is believed to have more than sixty million web pages indexed, and it was in Netscapes list of ranked search engines as number one on top of the list (Kent 82). The search engine provided for word proximity and prefix matching bonuses as an added advantage. Search engines use the spiders, which are software programs to search the web for information. Links are recorded to help in proxy editorials, know what web page is all about, to know the type of page that exist, and help to discover new documents. Infoseek is the next search engine that was developed after the Lycos search engine, but it had little improvements in the development that could surpass WebCrawler and Lycos (Kent 51). This search engine came to prominence due to the deal they had with Netscape that made them be browsers search engine in place of Yahoo. Alta Vista Alta Vista is a search engine that was introduced in 1995 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It had new developments and improvements that made it more appealing than the previous search engines in the web scene (Kristopher 47). It ran on DEC Alpha-based computers initially, and it was one of the best powerful processors in place. It is so powerful that when Yahoo fails in searching, it automatically becomes the default search engine. The powerful processors made the search engine to run at high speed hardly slowing down. The processor was running on UNIX that was made to run on heavy multi-user environments (Randolph 78). The search engine had the capability other than entering key words, the ability of one to key in questions, search tips, and advanced search features. The capability made it even easier for users to get results when necessary and the use of natural language is a further advantage (Randolph 83). The innovations of Alta Vista made it the first search engine to have Boolean operators like; or, but, and, not for usage and help in improving searches in the web. The search engines do also have the ability to give tips to its users for easier use, and allowed users to add or delete own URL within 24 hours of posting, the first of its kind in the innovation of search engines (Jones 197). These features makes Alta Vista to be unparallel in terms of is accuracy and accessibility. They allowed for inbound link checking, and natural languages. It was bought by Overture after poor mismanagement around the time Google started becoming popular (Handbook 81). HotBot This is a project of University of California at Berkeley in 1996 by Paul Gauthier and Eric Brewer, which was designed as the most powerful search engine. Wired Magazine who are the current owners claim that the search engine is capable of indexing over ten million pages a day on the web, and to add to that, is that the HotBot search engine can update its full index daily, and this makes it to be able to contain the latest information on the web (Fisher 85). It was powered by Inktomi search engine, and it can index a entire Web as its strength. Metasearch This is a simple type of search engine that was introduced in 1995. The search engine works by forwarding keywords received from the user who can either type key words or the question to the search engine. The search engines then sends back the results to the metasearch which formats the hits in the page for easier viewing by the user (Baig 93). The search engines do not have new innovations but can compile searches simultaneously from different search engines depending on the collective relevancy; they then release the results on the web. Metacrawler lately called Go2nett.com developed by Eric Selburg in 1995 of University of Washington Masters student was the first type of this kind of search engines, but this engine ran a foul of other search engines because it only took the output and not the advertising banners. The search engines later started using the banners advertisement with the set of search results as this is what users see as reducing the revenues of the search engine companies (Kent 432). The metasearch engines had other search engines like Dogpile, ProFusion, C-Nets Search.com, and Ask Jeeves. The Ask Jeeves search engine has several features such as having the natural language queries that have the ability to search using many kinds of search engines. The C-Net has over 700 search engines which are different and this is what they use to get results. The different types of search engines that use metasearch are good when used as search engines and directories by the user who asks questions (Karr 77). Jughead and Veronica This kind of search engine did have similarities to Veronica and around the year 1993, the Web started transforming. The industry of search engines started growing from the known Gopher, FTP, and e-mal servers. Matthew Gray created a database of web called Wandex, and he introduced what was called World Wide Web Wanderer which was a succession of robots that required actual web URLs for usage (Trinkle 38). The search engine was having a problem of lag, in accessing same web page many times a day and he tried to fix the problem with software but it took long. He created the search engine to tally the active web servers as he wanted to know the strength and growth of the web. This was the first actual automated indexing system of the search engine. The robots in this period occupied a lot of network bandwidth, and indexing of the sites was rapid and it was easy for servers to crash. The search engine only captured URLs and thus it easy hard to find things not expressed and described in their URL, since this are cryptic and average user can not understand them (Clay 82). Jughead searched one server at a particular time, and it indexed the servers fast in the database memory. It becomes slow after using all the memory, thus limiting the size of servers indexing. It is during this same season that ALIWEB a web page was developed, and it was corresponding to Veronica and Archie search engines (Clay 78). It was developed by Martjin Koster in 1993 as an answer to Wanderer by creating a directory. The webmasters that was developed started using a special index filing system with site information in searching for files instead of the cataloging system of searching for texts and files, which allowed for more accuracy in listing (Kristopher 65). It allowed users to present their pages in their own description to the web for indexing and allowed for more information. The engine was not using much of the bandwidth as it needed no robot to collect data. The major disadvantage of ALIWEB is that many users did not know how to submit their sites to the web (Marckini 276). The web roots page also hosted by Martijn Kojer created the standards of search engine indexing, as the webmasters were now able to block their sites on whole site level or by page by pa ge root. The indexing made the search engines to link that users ask for in the web. The cataloging of the web continued to develop and a new system called spiders came into use, and just like robots, the system searched the web in a sequence for web page information (Kristopher 65). The versions that were there earlier used to search for the web page titles, the information of the header, and the URL of the page as the basis of key words. Search engines in this period were very much behind and hits in the database were the ones produces as the ones hit as the keys were hard to rank with the sites. The fully fledged search engines started to be developed. In 1994 ElNet Galaxy directory now Tradewave Galaxy was developed, it was structured in an analogous way just like the other web directories of today (Kristopher 154). It had both Gopher and Telnet searching features and this made it to be popular, added to the web search features that it had. It was the first browsable Web directory and made use of the different levels and categories of the web. Users still had the problem of knowing what they were looking for in the web and thus using this search engine they could narrow the search until they find what is related to their search (Rathbone 287). Veronica is a type of search engine that was developed by the University of Nevada Computing Services in 1993. The program used a type of system called Gopher server that is used for searching files in the internet, and it still had the same idea as Archie. This kind of server stores plain text documents in the internet as compared to an FTP server that stores images and program files. The search engine is Resource Directory system that gives access to information that is on Gopher servers (Rognerud 234). It has menus in a collective form from Gopher sites. The search involved matching only the items requested by a user on menu items and the result given is customized Gopher as it acted like one. The search engine has three parts namely: spiders, index, and search interface. The search engine spiders are the ones that follow the link in the web and request to know whether indexing has taken place since the last update. Search engine Index is the catalog that is the content of the web (Kent 83). The search engine search interface and relevancy software help to accept the user input by checking the match syntax and spelling, check the relevancy of the question entered by the user and place links that near the user query, and gathering list of relevant pages for search, and to request a list of relevant ads and put them near the search results. Conclusion The search engines are the popular sites for most web users. The development of the search engines in future can be interesting with the entering of meaning based search engine and it is still continuing to evolve. There is increasing expansion of databases, increase in user friendly interfaces and searching techniques, and indexing of sites has also improved. The meaning based search engines can be used to receive mammoth words as databases with synonyms can be developed by different experts (Sebastian 145). Example is the Oingo search engine and Find Engine that one can use by installing a program in a computer and one can just point to the screen and the program searches the web for more information. The history of the search engines shows that the developments are mostly by university students who are doing their projects, and in return they develop them into commercial enterprises. Buy custom Web Search Engines essay

The Run-DMC Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Run-DMC Revolution - Essay Example (Biography, 2008) As for hip-hop, there is no question-Run-DMC, composed of Joseph "Run" Simmons, Darryl "DMC" McDaniel, and Jason "Jam Master Jay" Mizell, was and will always be considered as the king of this genre. With the group's unique vision and attitude, the foundation for rap music that was "on top" was laid, making hip-hop last for more than two decades now. (Chuck D, 2004) After releasing its debut single "It's Like That" in 1983, the flames for a revolution were fanned and it made hip-hop another front liner in mainstream music and caught the attention of television networks. It also brought the music genre to the platinum realm and into our own time's rap and rock frontier. (Biography, 2008) With six albums under their belts, namely Run-D.M.C. (1984), King of Rock (1985), Raising Hell (1986), Tougher than Leather (1988), Down With the King (1993) and Crown Royal (2001) (Biography, 2008), could very well be considered as the Beatles of hip-hop. According to Chuck D of the rap band Public Enemy, Run and DMC can be likened to Lennon and McCartney respectively, while Jam Master Jay was George and Ringo rolled into one. He even went as far as saying that Jay-Z, Black Star, OutKast, the Roots, and everyone else in hip-hop today can be traced back to Run-DMC. (Chuck D, 2004) And many seem to agree. ... which was quoted at the start of this paper, Ice-T also said, "Until Run-DMC I thought that hip-hop was something that was only going to be done in basements and in clubs. I went to a Run-DMC concert and they actually made me believe that hip-hop could be big. Rap was never at that level. We'd never seen it like that." (Chuck D, 2004) Run-DMC, run Run-DMC's roots may be traced to the working class New York community of Hollis, Queens. Run Simmons started honing his "rhyming apparatus" in 1982 in the suburban neighborhood. While barely progressing on the then unfinished hit single "It's Like That," he turned to his childhood friend Darryl McDaniels for help. Together, they were able to compose several songs, showing a promise of a very fruitful collaboration. (Biography, 2008) Russell Simmons, also known as Russell Rush and Run's older brother, signed up the band in 1983 to his own newly founded management company, Rush Productions, after Run-DMC signed a record deal with Profile Records the very same year. (Biography, 2008) Setting new trends by dressing in tight leather jackets and pants, fedora hats, bling-blings, and signature Adidas sneakers, the group inspired the hip-hop street image of the 1980's and most hip-hop artists still dress the same way 20 years later. (Chuck D, 2004) Not only that, the debut single "It's Like That" ruled the airwaves for more than a year, forcing several R&B stations to move the song from night-time rap shows to day-time regular shows, reflective of how much respect hip-hop was commanding then because of the rap act. (Biography, 2008) After the group has sold a quarter of a million copies, Run decided to recruit his old basketball and DJ buddy Jason Mizell. And so the rap act was completed. (Biography, 2008) As fate would